QAAB-QORAALKA XUKUNNADA GARSOORKA, IYO SIYAABAHA AY TAHAY IN UU GARSOORKU USOO BANDHIGO ARAGTIDIISA (Judicial Opinion). by Garyaq. Mohamed Ahmed Abdi Ba’alul.

Garyaq. Maxamed Axmed Cabdi Bacaluul.

1. Hordhaca Xukumka

Ujeedada loo samaynayo warbixinta hordhaca ahi waa inay Maxkamaddu kusoo dhawayso akhristaha, waxay ku saabsansantahay dacwaddan, ay ka garnaqday, ka hor intaanay gudo-galin sababaynta go’aankeeda. Warbixintani waa mid, u qoran si kooban, oon faah-faahin iyo sharraxaado dheeraad ahi, aanay la socon. Waana in uu hordhaca xukunka laga helaa qodobadan;

     A) Dhinacyada dacwada; waa in si dhammaystiran loo caddeeyaa shaqsiyadda dhinacyada, haddii aan lagu xusin hordhacana, waa in lagu xusaa qaybaha hore ee aragtida Garsooraha, iyada la sheegayo magacyadooda, tiradooda iwm. Tilmaamaha lagu xuso ee lagu garanayo dhinac kasta,  waa in si joogta ah loogu adeegsadaa gabi ahaanba qoraalka,  oo aan la bad-badalin. Adeegsiga tilmaamaha sharci, sida "rafcaanleh" iyo "rafcaansane"  kuwaasi oo aan,  lagu jahwareero , gaar ahaan markay dhincyada dacwaddu badanyihiin. 

 b) Awoodda ka garnaqiseed iyo habraaca-sharci ee la xidhiidha; Waa inay maxkamaddu sheegtaa, inay awood sharciyeed u lahayd ka garnaqista dacwadda (basis for jurisdiction) ka hor intaanay guda galin ka warbixinta habdhagaysiga iyo doodaha dhinacyada, sidoo kalana waa inay si hordhaca ugu warrantaa sifaha ay dacwadani ku timid Maxkamadda.

 C)Arrinta ama arrimaha laga garnaqayo; Arrinta la isku hayo ee ay tahay inay Maxkamaddu ka go'aan gaadho, waa in iyadana la xaqiijiyaa waxay tahay, isla markaana si kooban loo qoraa. haddii aanay arrintaasi ama arrimahaasi aanay ahayn kuwa murugsan ama adag oo u baahan sharraxaad iyo faah-faahin dheeraada. Marka ay arrinta dooddu ka taagantahay ee ay dhinacyadu isku hayaan aanay ahayn kuwa fudud, waxa lagaga hadli karaa qayb-gaara.

Hordhac kooban oo laga bixiyo dulucda dacwaddu, wuxuu waqtiga u madhxinayaa akhristayaasha. Mararka qaar ayay Maxkamaddu si kooban uga warbixisaa go'aan ka ay gaadhay, iyadoo xagga dambe ku faafinaysa asbaabta, halka ay  Garsoorayaasha qaarna,  ay jeclaystaan,  inay go'aankooda xagga dambe ku sheegaan.

2. Xusidda Dulucda Dacwada ama Arrinta la isku-hayo ee laga garnaqay (Statement of the fact in issue);

Xusidda ama ka warbixinta waxay ay tahay,  dulucda dacwaddu , waxay u sahlaysaa akhristaha in uu fahmo aragtida  Garooraha.  Hadaba sida loo xaddidayo arrinta,  ay dooddu ka taagantahay ee la isku hayo, waxa ay ku imanaysaa iyada oo la iswaydiinayo waxay tahay xaqiiqada dhabta ama dhacdada ugu muhiimsan ee la isku diidanyahay, iyo wuxuu yahay,  mabadi'da sharciyeed ee lagu maaraynayaa ama loo marayo ka garnaqisteeda (Substantive Law)[1].

Waxa Dulucda Dacwadda ama arrinta ay dhinacyadu isku diidanyihiin xaqiiqadeeda, loo soo dhigaa qaab su’aaleed, marka la qorayo Xukunka Dacwadda. Tusaale ahaan;

Waxay Maxkamaddu ka garnaqaysa bal inay  jiro heshiis wakaaladeed oo dhexmaray  Mr X. (dacwoodaha) iyo Mr Y (dacweysanaha) ?

Ama

Waxay Maxkamaddu bal eegaysaa in uu jiro faldambiyeed budh-cadnimo ah iyo inkale? Haddii uu faldambiyeedkaasi dhacayna, in uu Eedaysan Mr D, uu yahay kii geystay iyo in kale?

 Garsoorayaashu uma afduubna soo-jeedimaha ama lafa-gurista ay soo jeediyaan  Qareenada kala matala dhinacyada, dacwad-oogayaasha ama bilayska, balse waxay sugaan nuxurka dacwadda sida ay iyagu u arkaan, marka ay ka baaraandagaan ee ay wax uga baxaan xaqiiqooyinka/dhacdooyinka iyo xaaladaha ku xeeran qoraal-dacwadeedyada (Pleadings),  ay dhinacyadu usoo gudbiyeen.  Waxaana haboon, in haddii ay jiraan Wakiilo sharciyeed, ay garsooraha ka caawiyaan sida,  ay tahay xaqiiqada la isku diidanyahay, ee u baahan in go’aan garsoor laga soo saaro.

 Marka ay  Maxkamaddu qaaddo,  tallaabooyinka,  ay ku xaddido mawduuca dacwaddu, waa marxaladda ka horraysa Fadhiga Koowaad ee Dhagaysiga Dacwadda. Marxalladani, waa wakhtiga ugu horreeya, ee ay Maxkamaddu yeedhmadeeda ku qaraariso inay dhinacyadu horyimaadaan. Marka uu Mawduucu yahay Madani, Marxalada ka horraysa Dhagaysigu, waa Marxaladda, is-horkeenidda dhinacyada iyo ka go’aan-gaadhista ansaxnimadda waxa la isu-sheeganayo iyo inkale. Waxaana afka qalaad lagu yidhaahdaa (Periliminary Examination of Parties and the Settlement of issues).

Qodobka 132aad, ee Xeerka Habka Madaniga,  ayaa sheegaya marka uu galku heerkani marayo, ee ay Maxkamaddu ka go’aangaadhayso inay cabashada horteeda taallaa tahay, mid sharci ahaan iyo xaqiiqo ahaanba laga garnaqi karo iyo inkale. Haddii ay tahay wax laga garnaqi karana, waxa uu yahay mawduuceedu, si ay, dhinacyada ugu hagto, waxyaabaha looga baahanyahay, ee dib-u-isixid qoraal ah, ama caddaymo ah[2].

Ka warbixinta dulucda dacwaddu, waa in uu noqdaa mid kooban. In kastoo arrinta ay  dhinacyadu isku diidanyihiin,  loo kala jajabin karo mid iyo laba, hadana waxa jiri kara dacwad murugsan oo koobsan karta arrimo badan oo dhawra oo is huwan. Xaaladaasi dambana, waxay keensan kartaa in la kala guro arrimahaasi oo lagu kale sheego duluco kala madaxbannaan (Separate issues in one case).

Hadaba ka warbixinta duluc-dacwadeedka, ama su'aasha taagan ee laga garnaqayo waxay ka hordhici kartaa ama ka dab-dhici  kartaa,  ka warbixinta dhacda-xaqiiqeedka (statement of facts). In si gaar ah loo sheego arrintay dooddu ka taagantahay ee laga garnaqayo, akhristaha macno-weyn ayay u samaynaysaa, waxaanay ku hagaysaa in uu hoos ugu sii dhaadhaco dacwadda, siina odoroso,  heearka ay dacwaddu mari doonto, waxyaabaha la gudboon dhinacyada iyo xaqiiqooyinka u baahnaan doona in la caddeeyo.

Waxa se iman Kara, xaalado ka duwan sidaasi aynu hore ku sheegnay. Waxa jiri kara dacwado ay adagtahay in la sheego uun waxa laga garnaqayo, iyadoon marka hore akhristaha looga warramin ama wax fikrad ah laga siin xaqiiqada dacwadda. Tusaale ahaan waxay tani iman kartaa marka uu waxa laga garnaqo ee la isku diidanyahay uu yahay,  hannaanka dacwad-qaadista (procedural), sidaa darteedna lama fahmi karo, iyadoon la sheegin sidii,  ay markeedii hore ku timid dooddu (setting).

3. Ka Warbixinta Xaqiiqada/Dhacdada ay Dacwaddu ku saabsantahay (Statement of the Facts of the case):

Dacwadda ay dooddeedu iskugu biyo shubanayso hal nuxur-dacwadeed, xaqiiqadeeda waxa meel hore lagaga sheegi karaa aragtida Garsooraha. Balse marka ay  soo baxaan ama lasoo gudbiyo arrimo dhawr ah oo taxan, dhacdo-xaqiiqeedyadu waxa noqon karaan kuwo midiba  ay mid kale ku xidhantahay . Dhacdooyin ama xaqiiqooyinka qaarna,  waxay noqon karaan kuwa,  usii kala dhaw-dhaw dulucda dacwadda.  Xaaladdani waxay ku kallifaysaa garsooraha in uu kala haadiyo xaqiiqooyinka hor daadsan, ugana baaraan-dago sidii xaqiiqooyin ku filan uu , ugu bilaabi lahaa soo gudbinta warbixintiisa, si ay aragtidiisu u noqoto mid si fudud loo fahmi karo.

Warbixintan hordhaca ahi, waxay hadhaw ka furataa,  in uu kusoo cel-celiyo sharraxaaddo dheeri ah, marka uu ka hadlayo qeybo hoos yimaadda dulucda dacwadda, oo si gaar  ah,  ugu sii baahan in loo sii fahmo.  Xaaladahan oo kale,  xaqiiqooyinka bar-bilawga ah,  waxa lagu xaddidi karaa Hordhaca Xukunka, iyadoo dhacdooyinka ama xaqiiqooyinka ay tahay in si gaar ah looga go’aanka gaadhana, lala hadhi doono, si hadhawto loogu ladho lafa-gurka dulucda ama nuxur-doodeedka ay xambaarsanyihiin.

Xaqiiqada  lagama maarmaanka[3] ah,  ee iftiiminaysa go’aanka Maxkamadda, oo qudhaata ayaa lasoo qaadanayaa, inkastoo siday xaqiiqooyinku ugu kala mihiimsanyihiin go’aanka,  ay noqon karto arrin  ay akhristayaashu ku kala duwanaan karaan.  Qaraar maxkamadeedka lagu soo af-meeray asbaabta xukunka, iyo qodobada lagu saleeyayna ma noqonayaan wax si mug leh u tilmaamaya,  daah-furnaanta hanaanka ka garnaqiseed,  ee la xidhiidha dacwadda, haddii aan la sheegin jidkii loo soo maray, iyo asbaabihii lagu keenay qaraarka xukun.  Xaqiiqooyinka Guud (Background facts) ee dacwaddu, waxay noqon karaan kuwo waxka tari karaa soo-koobidda nuxurka go’aan ee Maxkamadda iyo sharixidda asbaabta iyo macquulnimadda uu ku dhisanyahay qaraarkeedu.

Faah-faahinta, ka bad-badiska ah[4], ee xaqiiqooyinka lagu naax-naaxiyaa, waxay sababtaa marin-habaabin. Tusaale ahaan, taariikhda dhacadadu (dates), waxay abuurtaa jaah-wareerin, sidaa darteedna, waa in aan lagu cel-celin qoraalka, haddii aanay lagama maarmaan u ahayn go’aanka,  ama aanu akhristaha fahamsiinayn asbaabtii go’aanka. Si kale haddii loo sheegana, in loo diyaariyo qoraalka hab-weedheed fudud, oo koob-koobani (brevity and simplicity),  waa qaab la doorbido. Waxa kale oo ay tahay, in uu Garsooruhu siiyo mudnaanta,  dhammaystirnaan iyo dhex-dhexaadnimada afka uu ku qoranyahay Xukunku.

Garsoorayaasha qaar ayaa, adeegsada xaqiiqooyin, aan saamayn ku lahayn ama muhiim u ahayn go’aanka, kuwaasi oo midabeeya, ama buun-buuniya qoraalkooda. Sida Garsoore qoraalkiisa ku dara weedh sidan u taalla “Arrintaasi aad ayay nooga yaabisay”, halka laga yaabo, inay Garsoorayaasha qaarna, ay iska baadh-baadhaan farshaxannimo qoraaleed, si ay usoo jiitaan akhristayaasha. Hadaba faallooyinkaasi dheeraadka ah, ama xaqiiqooyinkaasi dul-socodka ahi, waa kuwo halis ah, oo abuuri kara, faham qaldan, sida akhristaha, oo isku qanciya, inay waxyaabahaasi yihiin qaar ka mida asbaabta laga soo dhiraan-dhiriyay xukunka Maxkamadda.

4. Lafa-gurka iyo Isku-Jaangoynta Xaqiiqada iyo Xeerka (Applying Rules to the Facts);

Xeerka iyo qodobka sharci waa halbeegga ama qalabka lagu tijaabinayo bal inay jirto arrinta doodu ka taagantahay ee ay dhinacyadu isku hayaan iyo in kale[5].  Waa inay Maxkamaddu qodobka ka hadlisaa,  isla markaana u kala jajabisaa tiirarka uu ka koobanyahay si ay u lafa-gurto marka ay ku gudo-jirta sababaynta Mawqifkeeda. Waana inay Maxkamaddu si fiican u qeexdaa bal inay Qodobka sharci iyo isleeyihiin xaqiiqada dacwadda ee ay dooddu ka taagantahay. Si aad taas u samaysana, waxa Maxkamadda looga baahanyahay inay ka hadasho mabda’a guud ee Qodobku ku dhisanyahay, balse aanay durba kuu boodin gaba-gabada. Tusaale ahaan;

“ Wakaaladdu waa xidhiidh sharci oo ka dhasha marka uu jiro heshiis u dhexeeya wakiisha iyo muwakalka, kaasi oo dhigaya in uu Muwakilku  guto waajibaadka u igmado wakiishuhu, una guto si ay faaido u leh wakiishaha, Sidoo kalana muwakilku wuxuu xaq ugu yeelan doonaa wakiishaha abaalmarin-dhaqaale ama khidmad uu ku fuliyo hawlahaasi, haddii aanay wakaaladdu ahayn mid bilaash ah……”

Waa sidaasi lafa-gurka sharci, marka arrinta la isku hayaa ay tahay oo kale wakaalad. Waxaad soo qaadanaysa Qodobka 607aad ee Xeerka Madaniga ah. Oo dhigaya in uu meesha jiro;

Heshiis u dhexeeya wakiishaha iyo la wakiishaha            Heshiiskaasi oo uu la wakiishuhu ku ballanqaadayo inuu u qabto wakiishaha hawl.            Hawshaasi oo ah mid xalaal ah oo sharcigu ogolyahay.

Kala jajabinta Qodobku, waxay Garsooraha u sahlaysaa in uu ka go’aan gaadho bal inay jirto iyo inkale,   tusaale ahaan, haddii arrinta la isku hayaa ay tahay kasoo qaad, wakaalad,  dhinacyada isku-hayaan, ayaa laga yaabaa in, uu dacweysanuhu ku andacooda,  in wakiil u ahaa dacwoodaha markii uu heshiiska iib la galayay dhinac kale oo saddexaad, Halka, uu dacwooduhuna diidanyahay, kuna doodayo, in uu dacweysanuhu fuduushiisa ku galay hawlo aan loo igman.

Kolkay doodda dhinacyadu qaabkaasi u taallo, wuxuu Garsooruhu,  dib ugu noqonayaa, dhacdadii ama xaqiiqadii dacwadda. Wuxuu soo qaadanayaa, xaqiiqada inta ay isla ogolyihiin ee dhacdada ku jirta, iyo inta loo helay maragyo/marag-muujin sheegaysa jiritaankeeda, kadibna wuxuu iswaydiinayaa inay xaqiiqooyinkaasi ay buuxiyaan saddexdaasi shuruudood ee Qodobku dhigayo. Amma inay Xaqiiqo kastaa ay tiirkeeda qabsanayo iyo in kale? Haddii ay iswaafaqaan, waxa uu sharraxayaa sida uu Garsooruhu uu isku aqbalsiiyay Xaqiiqooyinka iyo tiirarkii Qodobka ( Qodobkii halbeegga u ahaa ka qarnaqista xaqiiqada 607 XM). Xaqiiqooyinkaasi oo uu sheegayo sida uu ugu qanacsanyahay jiritaankooda[6].

Hadaba, Marka uu Garsooruhu uu ku gudo jiro Sharraxaadan uu kaga waramayo habka uu isku bar-bardhigay Xaqiiqada iyo Xeerka (Qodobka) ayaynu leenahay, Garsooruhu wuxuu sababeeyay Go’aankiisa. Sharraxaadaasina, waa Qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee la rabo in uu ka koobnaado 70% qoraalka Xukunku.

Inta uu Garsooruhu ku gudo jiro Sharraxaaddaasi,  maaha in  uu ku boodo gaba-gabada oo tusaale ahaan Yidhaahdo  “ Dacwooduhu wuxuu wakiil u ahaa dacweysanaha”. Balse waa in uu si xeel-dheer oo hufan u qeexaa mabaadi’da Sharciyeed ee bud-dhigga u ah Qodobka Sharci ee lagu garnaqay , isagoo ku dadaalaya in aanu sharraxaadiisa soo dhexgalin magacyada dhinacyada.  Haddii aan tusaale labaad ka bixinno dacwad ciqaab ah, oo faldambiyeedkeedu yahay dil, garsooruha   waxa laga rabaa in uu, u dhigo sidan oo kale;

“ Si aynu u xaqiijinno in uu dhacay fal-dambiyeed dil ahi, waxa xeer-ilaalinta laga rabaa inay caddeeyaan arrimaha;         xaqiiqda ah inay dhimasho jirto.         Dhimashadaasi ay tahay mid ku timid sabab sharci-darro ah.         Dhimashadaasina loo geystay si badheedh ah oo ay ka muuqato cadaawadi (caused with malice aftersought)”………         Haddii sidaasi loo geystayna, uu eedaysanuhu yahay kii geystay.

Haddii aynu tusaale kale usoo qaadanno, dacwadda Dastuuriga ah, ee a axsaabtu kaga cabanayeen Maxkamadda, waxa laga rabay inay Maxkamadda lafa-gurtaa qodobka Dastuur ee la xidhiidha, Dacwaddii ay Axsaabta ee liddiga ku ahaa Go’aankii ay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Guduhu ku maanacaysay inay Axsaabtu shirar qabtaan.  Kasoo qaad inay soo qabsatay Qodobka 32 (2) ee Distoorka JSL, waxay Maxkamaddu qeexi lahayd mabaadi’da sharci ee nuxurka u ah qodobka,  oo noqon lahaa sidan;

“ Abaabulidda ama ka qayb-qaadashada kulan nabadeed oo sharciga waafaqsani, waa xaq dastuuri ah oo muwaadinkastaa leeyahay” Sida Qudha ee Xaqaasi,  lagu hor-istaagi karaana, waa inay cidda hor-istaagaysaa, ay caddayso in uu; ·         kulanku yahay mid nabad-gelyada khatar galinaya, sidoo kalana, ·         aan waafaqsanay sharciga ah ( i.e. tusaale ahaan jabinayaa xeerkaasi iyo qodobada noocaasi ah)……..

Marka laleeyahay Qodob sharciyeed ha ku saleeyo Garsooruhu, maaha macnaheedu,  ha isdaba galiyo Qodobo badan, oo iskugu jira, qodobo guud iyo qodobo  aanu nuxurkoodu  xidhiidh la lahayn dulucda dacwaddii uu ka garnaqayay. Qodobka/Qodobadda lagu garnaqay (Substantive Provision)  ee  halbeegga u ah dacwadda ayaa la rabaa in Garsooruhu u cuskado xukunkiisa. Tusaale ahaan, markaynu ka garnaqayno bal inay arrinta la isku hayaa,  ay Dayn tahay iyo inkale, in uu jiro heshiis sharciye iyo in kale, in la gaystay faldambiyeed budhcadnimo iyo inkale, waxaan shaki ku jirin inaynu adeegsanayno Qodobada asaasiga ah, ee mawduucaasi la xidhiidha ( Substantive Provisions). Balse maaha inay Maxkamaddu go’aankeeda ku taxdo qodobada habraaca ah,  ee lawada yaqaano,  inay  dacwadahoo dhan maraan, sida Qodobada sheegaya dhegaysiga maragyada iyo qabashada cadaymaha, ama qodobada sheegaya awoodda garsooraha ee go’aan-gaadhista amaba qaabka xukunka.

Waxa jiri kara, xaalado gaar ah oo uu,  garsooruhu u cuskan karo Qodabada Habraaca ah, Xukunkiisa. Waana Marka waxa la isku mari laayahay,  ay la xidhiidho habka loo qaadayo dacwadda, ee aanu la xidhiidhin xaqiiqada dacwadda (the merits of case). Haddii aan si kale u sheegana, waa marka,  ay dhinacyadu isku qabtaan, habka dacwaddan loo dhagaysanayo, amaba la isku qabto, in la furan karo amma,  aan la furan Karin, amaba la isku qabto awoodda Garsoor ee ka garnaqisteeda leh.

 4. Sababaynta go'aanka iyo miisaamidda Cadaymaha.

Qeybtani Maxkamaddu waxay ku darsaysaa, sida ay Caddaymuhu ula jaanqadayaan Xaqiiqadda/dhacdada ay dooddu ka taagantahay. Waxaynu ognahay in uu waajibka caddayntu uu mar walba raaco dhinaca dacwadda bilaaba (Xeer-ilaalinta, dacwoodaha), haddii aanu dhinac kale qiraal bixin. Iyadoo laga duulayo Qodobka sharci,  ee qeexaya inay arrinta,  ay dooddu ka taagantahay jirto iyo in kale,  waxay Maxkamadu eegaysaa,  bal inay,  Caddaymaha lasoo gudbiyay si shaki la’aan u buuxinayaan shuruudihii qeexayay jiritaanka arrintaasi, ee ay dhinacyadu isku hayaan.

Sida inta badan dhacda,  ee lagu arko xukunnada kasoo baxa Maxkamadaha, sababaynta xukunku maaha,  in dib loo soo celiyo wixii ay Maragyadu fureen ee kuwada qornaa garmaqalkii dhagaysiyada, tusaale ahaan  inay tidhaahdo Maxkamadu;

“Markay maxkamadu aragtay maragfurka xeer ilaalinta ee X. ee furay sidan…. Markay aragtay doodda qareenka difaaca ee u dhignaa sidan….. Markay dhagaysatay maragyada Xeer Ilaalint eek ala ah ….. Markay sidoo kale dhegaysatay Maragyada……. waxay go’aamisay sidan……”

Sababayntu waa Qeybta ay Maxkamadeedu ku soo gudbinayso wixii uga baxay dacwadda. Sidaa darteed lagama rabo inay inoo sheegto inay wax aragtay, ama dhagaysatay oo ay inagu dhaafto “Markay Maxkamaddu aragtay…. Markay Maxkamaddu dhagaysatay…” dabadeedna go’aan aan meelnaba haysan oo ay iyadu aragtay ama garatay uun ay ku dhawaaqdo. Mana aha inay Maxkamadu dadka u sheegto inay caddaymo la horkeenay ay dhagaysatay, oo waynu ognahay waxay dhagaysatay, garmaqalkana wuu inoogu jiraa,  balse waxaynu ka rabnaa, inay,  inoo sheegto,  hadday dhegaysatay maxaa uga  baxay,  ee ay ka dhex-fahantay ?

Waxa la yidhaahdaa maaha,  Garsoorku in uu  Dadka,  u sheego inuu Caaalad Sameeyay, balse waa in la arko cadaaladdu sameeyay waxay tahay “ Justice is not only done, but is to be seen done ”. Tanina waa sababta,  Dhagaysigu uu, u noqday mid furan oo aan ku koobnayn dhinacyada is-haya iyo Garsooraha u garnaqaya oo qudha. Sida kaliya, ee Maxkamaddu dadka u tusi kartaa dhex-dhexaadnimadeeda iyo aqoonteeda sharciyeedna,  waa iyadoo la timaata dood sababaysan oo ay ku difaacayso Mawqifkeeda.

Maxay sababayntu u tartaa Xukunka ?

Siday hore u soo sheegnay Sababayntu waa Sharraxaadda uu Garoosuhu sameeyo marka uu isbar-bardhigayo, Xaqiiqada iyo Xeerka. Isbar-bardhigaasi oo la mid ah, Marxaladda Shaybaadhka ee dhiigga bukaanka la mariyo ka hor intaan la go’aamin cudurka uu qabo iyo xumadda haysaa waxay tahay. Halkanna, waxay Maxkamaddu sharraxaad ka bixinaysaa,  qiimaha ay lahaayeen caddaymihii kale duwanaa ee lasoo hordhigay. Waxay sababayntaasi,  ku miisaamaysaa,   culayska ay caddaymahaasi leeyihiin iyo sida ay u xaqiijiyeen amaba aanay u xaqiijin wixii la isku hayay. Waxaanay sheegaysaa caddaymaha ama maragyada ay Maxkamadu,  u,  aqoonsatay inay ka dhab-sheegayaan xaqiiqada la isku-hayo iyo sababta ugu aqoonsatay. Halka ay sidoo kale sheegayso, caddaymaha ay u aqoonsatay in aanay ku fillayn  iftiiminta Xaqiiqada la isku hayo iyo kuwa baalmarsan iyo meelaha ay ka gaabiyeen inay muujiyaan. Intaasi waxa dheer, oo laga rabaa inay Maxkamaddu,  sababaynteeda ku xusto,  caddaymaha  been-abuurka ah,  iyo kuwa isburinaya,   een lagu kalsoonaan karin.

Habkan ay Maxkamadu ku sababaynayso, waa mid ku xidhan Suuraynta siyaabaha caqligalnimada ah (Reasoning and logic) ee caddaymaha loogu xidhiidhin karo dhacdooyinka ay khuseeyaan. Caddaymahaasi oo marka loo eego,  xaaladaha guud ee ku gadaaman mawduuca dacwadda, ama si macquula isku xidho dhacdooyinka,   laga dhex fahmi karo, xaqiiqada dhabta ee qeexaysa jiritaanka dulucda dacwadda.

5.      Gaba-gabada (Court Holding)[7];

Waxaad isku soo dheririsay ood isku soo beegtay, Qodobka sharci iyo caddaymihii dhinacyada. Waxaa kusoo baxay caddaymo badan oo waafaqsan xaqiiqadii ay furayeen, iyo kuwa kale oon xidhiidh la lahayn, kuwa uu halbeegii sharci diiday oon lagu dhaqmi karin. Waxa laga yaabaa inay  kuu soo  baxeen sidoo kale,  caddaymo tilmaamaya xaqiiqooyin aan jirin, kuwa is-burinaya, ama mala’awaal ah. Waxa kuu soo baxaya, arrimo badan intii aad ku gudo jrtay lafa-gurka dacwadda. Arrimo badan ayaana  kaagaa soo dhex-baxay hirdankii dhexmaray dhinacyada.

Waxaad soo gaadhay, markii adiga lagu waydiin lahaa, siday kula tahay. Waxa lagaaga fadhiyaana waa jawaab; lagu kala calaf qaado. Jawaabta ugu macquulsan, ee qof caddaymahaasi haysta, oo ka duulayaa awooddaada sharci uu si dhex-dhexaada u keeni lahaa. Jawaabtii lagu soo afjari lahaa, su’aashii uu ka bilaabmay dagaalku iyo doodihii sharci ee dhinacyada dhexmaray .  Su’aashaasi oo  qaabkeedu ahaa, miyay jirtaa sidaasi mise ma jirto. Tusaale ahaan; 

·         Miyuu dacwooduhu wakiil sharci u ahaa dacweysanaha mise umuu ahayn ?

·         Miyuu dhacay faldambiyeed dil ahi mise ma dhicin? Mana yahay eedaysanuhu kii geystay mise maaha? Iwm.

Geba-gabada ama go’aanka (Holding), wuxuu dulucdaasi sare uga jawaabayaa sidan oo kale;

…………Sababtaasi awgeed waxay Maxkamaddu go’aaminaysaa in uu Mr X ahaa wakiil sharci oo lahaa dhammaan awoodihii wakaaladeed markii uu…...

Amma

…… Sidaasi awgeed waxay Maxkamaddu go’aamisay in aanu Mr X ahayn Wakiil sharciya oo uu ku xad-gudbay Mr Y, iskiina isku siiyay awoodo, aan lagula heshiin, markii uu…. iwm

Isla Go’aanka,  wuxuu garsooruhu,  ku sheegayaa dhinacay gartu raacday, isagoo xagga hore kusoo caddeeyay sababaha kusoo hogaamiyay go’aankaai. Wuxuuna sidoo kale go’aaankiisa, ku kala xaqsiiyaa dhinacyada (relief), isagoo ku qeexaya, waxa la kala helay hadday madani tahay, hadday ciqaab tahayna, eedaysanaha ku hela ama ku waaya faldambiyeedkii loo haystay (acquital or conviction). 

Endnotes:

---

[1]  Markaad eegto xukunka Maxkamadda Sare ee lagaga garnaqayay  Cabashaddii ay Xisbiyaddu mucaaridku ay kaga cabanayeen; Goa’aankii Maamul ee  Wasaaradda Arrimaha Guduhu ka hor-istaagayay inay qabtaan; Shir-Qaran. Maxkamaddu si ay taasi u go’aamiso, waa inay Qeexdo mabaadi’da sharci ee la xidhiidha dacwadda, taasi oo noqon lahayd,

·         Ma jiraa Qodob sharci oo Qeexay wuxuu yahay Shir-qaran?

·          Haddiise uu Qeexay, waa maxay cidda awood u leh inay Qabato Shirkaasi Qaran?

Balse Maxkamaddu waxay raacday dooddii Xukuumadda ee dhigaysay inay aanay Axsaabtu Qaban karin shir-qaran. Waxaanay Sidoo kale ka hor-istaagtay inay Axsaabtu, iyo cid kale toona qabato waxa lagu tilmaamay SHIR QARAN. Qodobadda Dastuuriga ah ee loo cuskaday Go’aankaasina kama hadlayaan waxay ku sheegtay Shir-qaran, manay sababayn sidoo kale, sababta ay u qodobadan ugu cuskatay, tusaale ahaan may bixin fassiraad sharci oo si dadban uga muuqata nuxurka qodobadaasi dastuuriga ah, kuwaasi oo sheegaya inay Golayaasha Dastuurig ah ( xukuumadda, Wakiilada, Guurtida ) ay yihiin kuwa qudha ee qaban kara, waxa lagu tilmaamay SHIR-QARAN.

Eeg faqradda labaad ee xukunka;

2. Dhinaca kel wixii ka dambeeyay aftidii Dastuurka ee 2001, sida uu dhigayo Qodobada 9 (1)aad iyo 130(1) aad ee Dastuurka Jamhuuriyada Somaliland waxa laga soo guuray nidaamkii Beelaha waxaana la soo guuray nidaamka ku salaysan Dastuurka iyo Axsaabta badan, waxaana jira Golayaal Qaran ( Xeer Dajinta, Fulin iyo Garsoor) oo dhaqan gal ah kana jawaabay baahida Qaranka ee hadba taagan si waafaqsan Dastuurka. Waxa hadaba Xaaraan ah isla markaana aan sharci ahayn in cidnaba ( haday tahay Qabiil, ururo Siyaasadeed iyo cid kale toona) ku baaqdo “shir Qaran” ama “ Shir-aayo-ka-tash-Qaran” oo aanay Golayaasha Qaranka ee Dastuuriga ahi hogaaminayn si waafaqsan Dastuurka iyo Xeerarka Dalka u yaala.

Eeg lifaaqa 3aad.

[2]  Qodobka 132 Xeerka Habka Madanigu oo cinwaankiisu yahay Xaqiijinta Ansaxnimada Dacwadda wuxuu u dhiganyahay sidan “Garsooruhu wuxuu iskiisa u xaqiiqsanayaa, hagaagsanaanta dhismaha dacwadda, haddii loo

baahdana wuxuu ka codsanayaa dhinacyadu inay hagaajiyaan, dhammaystiraana, dokumnetiyada

ay sugidda u qaddimeen”.

[3]  Qodobka 121 (c) Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ayaa sheegaya in uu Garsooraha Dacwadda dhagaysanayaa uu Xukunkiisa ku sheego Xaqiiqada/dhacdada iyo xaaladaha ay ku dhisantahay ama ka koobsanayso dulucda eeddu (Statement of the facts and circumstances which form the subject of the charge).

Qodobka 91(4) ee Xeerka Habka Madaniga ayuu kusoo ururinaysaa waxyaabaha ay dhinacyadu ka codsanayaan Maxkamadda. Ama waxyaabaha ay dooddda dhinacyadu ka koobantahay ee la xidhiidha dulucda laga garnaqayo.

[4] Xaqiiqooyinka Dheeraadka een loo baahnayn  si aad u fahamtid,  u fiirso  isla go’aankaasi faqraddiisa 3aad. Maxkamaddu, waxay u gudubtay tafaasiil dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan arrintii la isku hayay waxaanay faqradda Saddexaad ee go’aankeeda raacisay, tafaasiil kale oo dheeraad ah, oo ka baxsan dulucdii dacwadda ee ahayd; Xisbiyada Mucaaridku Xaq ma u leeyihiin inay Qabtaan Shir-qaran iyo inkale?

Waxaanay gashay mawduuc kale oo ay sheegtay inay Maxkamaddu ogtahay, balse aanay cid kale cabashadooda ugu sheegin. Waxaanay faqraddu u taalay sidan;

                                                          

3. Dhinace kale Maxkamada Dastuuriga ahi iyada oo og in murankan taagani salka ku hayo qabashada doorashada soo socota, waxa ay amraysaa dhamaan dhinacyada siyaasasda iyo Hay’adaha ay khusayso ee Dastuuriga ah inay sida ugu dhakhsaha badan usoo afjaraan muranka ku saabsan Doorashada soo socota isla markaana xal ka gaadhaan si loogu diyaargaroobo Doorasho Xor iyo Xalaal ah.

Eeg lifaaqa 3aad.

[5] Qodobka 121 (d) Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ayaa ka hadlaya ka hadlayaa in Xukunka lagu Sheego Qodobada sharci iyo Xaqiiqada/dhacdooyinka  la caddeeyay,  ee sababay ay Maxkamaddu ku  go’aanka qaadatay.  Sidoo kalana eeg qodobka 92(5) Xeerka Habka Madaniga.

[6]  In uu garsooruhu yidhaado “anaa ku qancay jiritaanka xaqiiqo la isku hayay”, ama  “Marka ay Maxkamadu ku qanacday xaqiiqada caynkaasa ayay go’aamisay sidan iyo sidaasi” maaha wax akhristaha ama dhagaystaha go’aankaasi uu iskala la qaadan karo amaba uu ku qasbanyahay in uu la qaato, , haddii aanu sheegin,  sababta uu ugu qancay inay Xaqiiqadaasi jirto, amaba  aanay u jirin . Sharciga ayaana sheega qaabka u ku xaqiijinayo jiritaankeeda/jiritaan la'aanteeda, Habka Qudha  ee u sheegi karo sababta uu ugu qancayna, waa

1.        isagoo inoo sheega caddaymaha muujinaya jiritaanka xaqiiqadaasi (Credible and Direct Evidence), iyo inay caddaymahaasi saxyihiin oon la hayn wax lagaga shakiyi karo oo macquula.

2.        Habka kale ee uu isna ku sababayn karaa waa isagoo Garsooruhu sheega, walaw aanu jiritaanka Xaqiiqadaasi u haynin, caddaymo toos ah, balse ay tahay mid uu jiritaankeeda uu ka dhex fahmay habdhaqanka, iyo duruufaha ku xeeran  ee xidhiidhka la leh dhacdada, ama wada-macaamilka dhinacyada is-haya (Inferential evidence). Fahamkaasi oo qofkasta oo macquula oo dhex-dhexaad ahi, oo  halkiisaasi taagani, qaadan lahaa,

[7]  Holding is a statement of law that is court’s answer to the issue. If you have written the issue statement correctly, the holding is often the positive or negative statement of the issue statement.

Eeg Xukumka Maxkamadda Sare ee lifaaqa ah; Sideey u gaadhay Maxkamaddu gaba-gabadeeda? Ma ku sheegtay in maalintaas laga bilaabo, ay laashay  ama waxba kama jiraan ka dhigtay go’aankii maamul ee laga codsaday inay dib-u-eegis Garsoor ku samayso (Judicial Review) Sharcinnimadiisa? Mise waxay u sheegtay uun Axsaabta Xuquuqdii Dastuuriga ahayd ee ay lahaayeen? Sideebaanay Qodobada 22aad iyo 23(1,2) ee Dastuurku ay xidhiidh ula leeyihiin dulucdii dacwadda ee ku saabsanayd Go’aankii ay Wasaaraddu ku hor-istaagtay in Kulamo ay qabtaan Xisbiyada iyo Siyaasiyiintii la baxay Madashay? Ma ka helnay Go’aankan Mabda’ sharciyeed oo Fasiraad ahaan loogu adeegsan karo xaaladaha la midka ah?

Lifaaq ( annex);

SOMALILAND: A Leadership with a Wounded Third Eye By Yusuf Deyr,

Yusuf Deyr.

The eye is the organ of vision, and the third eye is no exception to that.  Open it and it sees, close it and it doesn’t. Most people have a third eye but they don’t trust it.  Dear reader, I have got nothing against telepathy, but the telephone is so much more dependable.   What is the difference between vision and a vision?   The former relates to something it is assumed you have got seen, the later to something it is assumed you haven’t.   Language is not always dependable either.  If you want to use the third eye you must close the other two.   Then breathe evenly;  then wait.   This is sometimes works; on the other hand,  sometimes you merely go to sleep.  When you have had many practice you don’t have to bother with these preliminary steps.

You find too that what you see depends partly on what you want to look at, and partly on how.   As I said, the third eye is only an eye.   But there are some people who resent that  third eye.   They would have it removed, if they could.   They feel it as a parasite, sitting illegally or occupying in the centre of the forehead, feeding the brain with pessimistic and  ugly scenes.   To those who hate the third eye, it  shows them only the worst scenario of every scene.  That stinking  bad smell of the dead bodies of mass – murder, and the massacre of innocent people,

Burned corpses at the cave mouth of the masses – graves.   Those disappointed, scared children and helpless mothers that are shivering due to cold and fear.   Those hearts of those bullies politicians that are swollen and inflamed with jealousy and greed, flashing through the vests and sweaters which they are wearing.   Abusing their masses after they were granted their mandate. The tracks or  spoors of those military Generals and  their soldiers who are willing to kill.   That torment or severe mental and  physical suffering of those maimed and crippled poor  civilians.   Dear reader, civil War leaves a country with three armies.  An army of cripples and mutilators, an army of mourners  and an army of thieves.

Dear reader, thinking is something that no one has ever been able to tax.  The darkness has ink eyes, and if you stare long enough, you are going to see it  blink black.   That is the moment  you start writing about your ill feelings and pinpointing where the shoe pinches.

At the dawn of his administration president Obama of the United States said.    A democracy requires accountability, and accountability requires transparency.   That magical rays of white hot sunlight originated from it’s media manufactured halo ( or that circle of light shown ), surrounding the head of the state.  And then bureaucratically  engineered darkness settled over the land or Country.   Thomas Jefferson the third president of USA who served his country for five decades said "I would rather have a free press without a Government than a Government  without free press".   Perfection is not attainable, but if we chase perfection, we can catch excellence.   The best  preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.   If opportunity doesn’t knock, build a door.   Lack of transparency results  in distrust and a deep sense of insecurity.   A basic doctrine or principle of a healthy democracy is open dialogue and transparency.  Success are  Self – Definition, transparency, authenticity and accountability.   We need more accountability and transparency in this country.  There can be no faith in Government if our  highest offices are excused from scrutiny.   They should be setting the example  of transparency.   What passes for a woman’s intuition is often nothing more important than her husband’s transparency.   Dear Somalilander, since the arrival of Mr.Silanyo, we live in a culture of destructive transparency.   As a president, look at the evidence and be willing to question your own truths, and be willing to scrutinize things that you hold dearly.    Because that way, that transparency, that self – awareness will protect you from ever becoming somebody that whose beliefs somehow make them have myopic vision about what could be (  lack of intellectual insights ).   You have got to be truthful with yourself and with the public.   You have got to share your soul and conscience with people and show them who you are, and not to be afraid of it.   You have to be smart enough to read the hearts and minds of your people.   In Somaliland there is relative peace, relative stability, relative continuity and relative security.

And these are the necessary ingredients to fast track  of development and growth.  But we missing accountability and transparency which are the arch chiefs of democracy.   Simply because our leadership has a severely wounded third eye.   They can see only with two eyes.   Mr. Silanyo, a man with a beatiful wife must have more than two eyes.   Leadership is to translate vision into a reality.   Mr. Silanyo, the currency of leadership is transparency.   Chase the vision not  the money, then the money will end up following you.  Try to be a rainbow in someone’s cloud.

Dear Somalilander, Mr. Silanyo says: double thinking means the power of holding two contradicting beliefs in mind simultaneously  and accepting both of them.  Tribalism and nepotism; with integrity, dictatorship with democracy, sovereignty with federalism.  Mr. Winston Churchill said, the nation will find very hard to look up to the leaders who are keeping their ears to the ground.  Mr. Silanyo, we are more smarter than you expect us.  Don’t underestimate the public and stop reciting and singing those lullaby soothing songs of grandma that sends children to sleep.  Stop your double standard policy of hiring those ignorant sultans with mercenary  – motives to negotiate with Evil – Empire in Mogadishu;  and at the same time beating the false drums of Sovereignty and holding a baby – shower for an Independent free State.  Trying to convince us how hard you are struggling for the recognition of Somaliland.  Because we have been acknowledged by Tower Hamlets which is a Sub – District of east London.  At the same time courting with his  most beloved bride in Mogadishu.  Mr. Silanyo, get your facts first, then you can distort them as you please. That is very disgusting and an insult to our intelligence as Somalilanders.   Dwight D. Eisenhower said,  when something bad happens to you.   You have three choices.   You can either let it define you, let it destroy you, or you can let it  strengthen you.   Neither a wise man, nor a brave man lies down on the tracks of history to wait for the train of the future to run over him.  Mr. Silanyo, please don’t sign your death contract.   Mr. Silanyo, what light is to the eye, what air is to the lungs, what love is to the heart, and what liberty is to the soul of a free man?    Too much agreement kills the chat.   It is very easy to defeat a man but it is very hard to win someone.

Mr. Silanyo, if you are still impressed with the Rum from Johar and the spegati  of Mogadishu where nobody knows your name.    Goodbye with a ring and a kiss.   But me, I am longing for the Qas Qasa Beer and the dish of Tipsy and Anjera of Addis, served under the courtesy of that unique Ethiopian hospitality.  That suits my palate and sense of taste.   Bear in mind that a successful man is one who makes more money than his wife can spend.   A successful woman is one who can find such a man.   Dear Somalilander, never cry for that person who doesn’t know the value of your tears.   Lots of people want to ride with you in the limo.   But what you want is someone  who will take the bus with you when the limo breaks down.   There is always one person in relationship who loves more, cares more, cries more and even forgives more.  That is Somalilanders  relatively to their leaders.  When fate strikes against you.   You have three choice.   You can either let it define you, you let it destroy you, or you can let it strengthen you.   Mr. Silanyo believes  that wrinkles on his  face  are hereditary  that leaders got them from their masses.   Dear Somalilander, when you are courting a nice beautiful girl friend, an hour seems like a second, but when you chatting with an ugly face, a second seems like an hour.   Since the arrival of Mr. Silanyo, the night is long that  never finds the day.   Mr. Silanyo, I may be drunk, but in the morning I will be sober and you will still be ugly.  Wine is constant proof tha God loves us, and loves to see us happy.   If you drink you will die; if you don’t drink still you will die; so die while you are happy.   That is the legacy and Will – remarks of our leader.   Dear Somalilander, If you haven’t got  anything nice to say about anybody,  come and sit next to Mr.Silanyo.   Remember!   A woman’s mind is cleaner than a man’s.   Because she changes it more often.  Mr.Silanyo, tomorrow doesn’t exist, but our dreams do.

Mr. Musa Bihi,   as a Mujahid who sacrificed with bone and blood  to free us from the shackles of slavery and humiliation; you owe me a great respect and gratitude.  That is why I am giving you my sincere advice; though we are not sailing on the same boat.   Mr.Bihi, we all leave footprints as we journey through life.   A person who walks in another’s tracks leaves no footprints.   If you walk in the footprints of Mr.Silanyo; you won’t make any of your own.   Many people will walk in and out of your life.

But only true friends will leave footprints in your heart.   If you want  to leave your footprints on the sands of time, don’t  drag your feet.   Because Mr.Silanyo have had too many muddy footprints trampled across his soul.   Don’t be arrogant with a slip of tongue, or act as a loose cannon as before.   Keep your eyes on the stars, and your  feet on the ground.    A leader always needs people  to charge his life; or you charge their life.   Follow your bliss and the universe will open doors where there are walls.   Never ignore a person who loves you and cares for you.  Because one day, you might wake up and realize that you lost the moon while counting the stars.   Love is when the other person’s happiness is more important than your own.    Your attitude is based on how you treat those who are badly in need of you.   But don’t let people to tell you, who you are, you tell them.    Always be humble and kind.   Forget not that the earth delights to feel your bare feet and the winds long to play with your hair.   My last option is to reconcile with your old Camp, the Madasha Wada Tashiga.   I wish you Allah mercy and blessings/

Dear reader, my intimate friends scold me for not writing my articles in the Somali language; but they don’t know that I am searching since 1991 a prescription to erase that language from my brain.   Because I don’t want to share anything with those wild beasts from Mogadishu who steals the gold teeth from the dead bodies.   I can bet with my last penny.

Yusuf Deyr,

Canada/ Edmonton

Source; Somaliland Monitor.

SOMALILAND: A Country Bullied out of its UN Membership By Ahmed Abdi Da’ar (daar@gmail.com)

SOMALILAND: A Country Bullied out of its UN Membership.

By Ahmed Abdi Da’ar (daar@gmail.com).

An open letter to UK Prime Minister, His Excellency Mr. David Cameroon Requesting the British Government of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Take the Credit of Re-affirming the UN Membership of the Republic of Somaliland.

Prof Ahmed Abdi Da'ar

Dear Mr. Prime Minister,

With all due respect, Sir, we request the Government of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, which you head, to vouch for the Republic of Somaliland, Somaliland for short, as a missing United Nations member state as one couldn’t be better informed on that matter than the British Government and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) of which the UK IS a Permanent member..

We appeal to the Government of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and the UNSC to change course; Let the Republic of Somaliland sit on its rightful seat in the UN General Assembly (UNGA) among the nations of the world to represent its people in the august chamber.

We appeal in particular to the Government of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the II, which you head, to get the credit of being the first to concede and to re-affirm the UN membership of the Republic of Somaliland, the Ex- Somaliland British Protectorate.

Presently, Somalilanders, the survivors of the heavy-handedness of Somalia, are the only people in the world who are represented in the United Nations by their arch enemy, Somalia.

Not even Palestinians are doomed to such a predicament. It is intolerably many times even more painful than adding insult to the injury.

Mr. Prime Minister, we are certain that you will agree with us that the Republic of Somaliland had already gotten its (1) full sovereignty, (2) self determination, (3) recognized independence and (4) UN membership like any other Ex-colonies which enjoy the above rights sitting on their UN seats while Somaliland is categorically denied to enjoy all of the above..

The Goebbels-scale propaganda that Somaliland lacks recognition and should fight for it, has thankfully consolidated a strong desire on the part of Somalilanders to salvage their country from going down the drain with Somalia, but needs to be reversed after long last with the assistance of the royal grace of the British Government.

Somaliland need not win again what it already has gotten. Somaliland does not lack recognition, it already has got it.

The onus is on the United Nations Security Council and its Secretariat to prove, if they could, that the Republic of Somaliland lacks recognition and is not a missing UNGA member.

Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the II has returned full sovereignty over Somaliland in 1960 to the Somali clans who had in the 19th century entered with the British crown treaties of protection by a royal decree and in good faith. Then the Harold Macmillan government of the period extended recognized independence to the Sovereign State of Somaliland. The then British government was also one of the UNSC Permanent 5 members (P5) which had witnessed Somaliland’s ascension to UN membership on 20th September 1960 as a constituent component of the [quasi-United] Somali Republic together with Somalia.

All and any subsequent UK governments are obliged to go by the former decisions of the Government of Her Majesty the Queen on Somaliland as indicated above..

After a long story spanning half a century, Somalilanders have not enjoyed representing themselves alone in the UN even for a single day due mainly to their self-inflicted demotion of their Sovereign Somaliland state a part of an illegitimate union with Ex-Italian Somalia against the good counsel of many local wise men and women and international traditional friends.

After long last and with lots of bruises, however, Somalilanders reclaimed their separate sovereign state, which didn’t need permission from Somalia to leave the union, on 18 May 1991 as the Republic of Somaliland in exact consistence with international law, i.e. before the imposition of Chapter VII of the UN Charter on Somalia as a failed state. An absentee but healthy UN member state described as a beacon of hope and as a rare democratic experiment need not be included by the UNSC as part of a failed state. A whole UN member state cannot simply be reduced to and counted as a region of another county by the UNSC. The UNSC Should be the first to protect the legality of member states, including Somaliland, not to be included in failed states and not to be kept outside. The UNSC should not tolerate to see the people of Somaliland represented in the UN by another antagonistic member stat, the failed state of Somalia,

A country which is not kind to its own children, won’t be any kinder than before to Somalilanders who had survived its genocide attempt on them..

The formerly un-ratified union between Somaliland and Somalia is legally dissolved and the failed state of Somalia should not be sitting in the UN representing, not only its self, but also the totally different, sound and peaceful absentee member state of the Republic of Somaliland..

It should be discontinued that Somalilanders are continued to be represented in the UN by the same Somalia which they had fought out from at a high cost.

It does not reflect well on the UNSC that a whole member state, the Republic of Somaliland, whose rights the UNSC is supposed to protect in the UN and its people, are represented there in the name of an already dissolved, non-existent union called ‘Somalia’ under which Somaliland is tucked. Somaliland has unilaterally, and legally so, abandoned its union with Somalia.

Somalia should be representing itself only in the UN. Who should be representing Somalilanders in the UN, their own government or Somalia which all the world knows Somaliland had legally rejected to be in union with? You realize, sir that Somaliland declined, too, to participate in the process of formation of a federal state for ‘Somalia’.

Somaliland is not and does not want to be in federation with Somalia.

Somaliland stood clear on its own and was so for the last 24 years, totally divorced from Somalia and the last thing in the world its people would agree to is to reduce their independent country to be made what they call ‘an autonomous region’ of Somalia.

Wouldn’t maintaining Somaliland in union with Somalia in the UN amount to bullying it back to a union its own people had chosen not to be part of since nearly quarter of a century ago?

The UN which is supposed to be neutral and impartial between member states has admitted back in Somalia, without telling it to get re-recognition from the African Union (AU) The same UN tells Somaliland, which is not a region seceding from Somalia, but an already existing UN Member state, to get re-recognition from the AU.

It must be inadmissible under UN rules and regulations that a member state which had withdrawn from a union with another in exact consistence with international law be kept away from the UN by others who have no more right to be UN members than it has.

Believe me, Sir, it has proven to be extremely tiring to be oriented to find what you already have got with you. We reckon it is time to call the Republic of Somaliland by its legal name and to announce its UN membership without a vote as automatically as is required by law. It is not permissible in the UN that one or more member states slam the door on the face of another member state returning legally to its unoccupied seat.

I hope, Sir, you will agree with us that the Republic of Somaliland is no lesser UN member state under international law than any of the rest of the UN General Assembly and Security Council members, including the P5. Somaliland is a missing UN member state and should be allowed to sit on its hitherto unoccupied UN seat.

The application of the late president of the Republic of Somaliland, Hon. Mohamed I. Egal to the former UN Secretary General, Mr. Boutros Boutros-Ghalli to simply re-activate the former recognized Somaliland membership in the UN remains practically unanswered to date as Somaliland is not still re-admitted automatically to sit on its UN seat

As nothing is ever late, we are glad to send you this request as an open letter to your Excellency so that Her Majesty’s government becomes the first to concede and to re-affirm the UN membership of the Republic of Somaliland, which feels to be bullied out of its UN membership. The African Union (AU) will then remember that Somaliland was among its 32 sovereign makers as the Organization of African Union (OAU) in 1963 and will let it in, too..

Sir, we are waiting for your Excellency’s favorable reply at your earliest convenience.

Thank you,

Ahmed Abdi Da’ar ahmed.daar@gmail.com

Director Somaliland Peace and Development Consultancy, registered in London, UK

(Head of All Somaliland United Nations Membership Movement (ASLUNMM) program under formation)

25 March 2015, London, UK.

“MA TAGO XAFLADAHA INTII AAN DHEGO BEELAY" By Prof, Maxamed Siciid Gees

“MA TAGO XAFLADAHA INTII AAN DHEGO BEELAY [LAAKIIN] CARABTU WAXAY KU MAAHMAAHDAA; NINKA TEGAYOW CEEB HA SHEEGIN, HADDAAD HORE U SHEEGI WEYDAY”

By Prof, Maxamed Siciid Gees. 

Aqoonyahan Maxamed Siciid Gees Oo Falanqeeyey Madal Lagu Casuumay Oo Ay Xilka Kula  Kala Wareegayeen Wasiirrada Laba Wasaaradood Oo Uu Xilalkooda Uga Horreeyey .

Maxamed Siciid Gees. 

“No woman no cry

Good friends we have had oh

good friend we have lost

Along the way in this great future

you can’t forget your  past

so dry  your tear I say

  no woman no cry “………..Bob Marley

Bob Marley waxa uu ku dhashay Jasiiradda Jamiika (Jamaica) ee hadda caanka ku noqotay tartanka orodada, sida Steve Bolt ninka adduunka ugu dheereeya waqtigan. Bob Marley waxa uu ahaa heesaa caan noqday sannaddadii toddobaatanaadkii. Heestan uu leeyahay oo uu kaga  hadlayo addoonsigii dadka madow lagu hayey ee sida adag uga xoroobeen oo hadal-hayskiisu yahay;

‘Yaanay dumar barooran, yaanay dumar barooran,

jaalleyaal fiican ayaan lahayn,

jaalleyaal badan ayaa ku  shahiiday hayaankii dheeraa,

aayatiinkan dhalaalaya ha ku ilaabin wixii ku  soo maray,

 ilmada iska bi’i ayaan ku idhi dib ha u ooyin.

Sidaas ayuu ku heesayaa Bob Marley. Intii aan dhega- beelay ma tago xafladaha, ileyn maqlimaayee (kkkk); toddobaadkan ayaa  Cabdirisaaq Maxamed Saciid oo Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda joogaa casuumaddii xil-wareejinta ee Wasaaraddaas iyo Wasaaradda Qorshaynta ii keenay. Waxa xafladda lagu qabtay gole qurux badan oo ay markaas iigu horraysay oo aanan is lahayn waxa uu ku yaallaa Hargeysa, waxa la ii sheegay inay qayb ka tahay huteelka cuntada ee Summer Time Restaurant. Si fiican ayaa loo soo agaasimay xafladda dad dhallinyaro u badan oo lebbis Suudh ah ku wadajira iyo wasiirro badan oo iyana qoorta tay ugu wada xidhan yahay, dumar si fiican u lebbisan oo aad yaabtid ayaa madasha isugu yimid. Qudhaydu Suudh toban sanno ka hor aan iibsaday oo kaawiyad u baahan ayaan boodhka ka soo tumay oo soo gashaday. Saddex wasiir oo aqoonyahanno ah oo jaamiciyiin ah oo qurbo-joog ah ayaa isu xil-wareejinayey. Dhawr qof oo diircad ah ayaa joogay, iyana oo la sheegay inay Turki yihiin iyo kuwa  Shiine ah. Waxa la lahaa ma aan maqlayn [laakiin] nin saaxiibkay ah oo aan dhegaha marmar ka ammaanaysto ayaa waxa uu doono iiga sheegayey, waxayse u badnayd ammaan lagu hurgufay wasiirradii xilka wareejinayey, qudhoodu waxay soo taxeen guulihii ay gaadheen intay xilka hayeen. Xurmada xilka iyo dhaqanka Soomaalida ama Islaamiga ah qofka meel ka guuraya waa la sii sagootiyaa, isna waa afgobaadsadaa. Carabtu waxay ku maahmaahdaa ‘Yaa raa’ix, laa tukasir alfadaa’ix’ oo la mid ah “ninka tegayow ceeb ha sheegin, haddii aad hore u sheegi wayday intii aad joogtay maanta oo aad ka tegaysid”. Labadan Wasaaradood ee xil-wareejintoodu ay dhacaysay, labadaba wasiir ayaan ka soo  noqday waqtiyo hore. Waxaan ahaa Wasiirka Qorshaynta sannadihii 1997-99, Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibaddana sannadihii 2002-03, waa muddo dhaw oo tobaneeyo sanno laga joogo maanta. Wax weyn ayaa is-beddelay muddadaas. Waagaas, Wasaaradaha Qorshaynta iyo Arrimaha Dibadda waxa loo kala qaybshay xafiiskii Nabad-sugidda ee Gobalka Waqooyi Galbeed ee Dawladdii Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Soomaaliya ay lahayd, xafiiskii weynaa waxa la siiyey Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, qolalkii dadka lagu xidhi jiray ama lagu caddibi jiray waxa xarun looga dhigay Wasaaradda Qorshaynta. Maanta fooqyo dhawr dabaq ah oo aad quruxdooda yaabtid oo ay dhex taallo baabuur  caddaan iyo madaw leh oo kuwii ugu dambeeyey ee  shirkadda Toyoto ay soo saarto ayaa labada Wasaaradood degan yihiin. Saaxiibkii dhegaha aan la wadaagay waxa uu ii sheegay in miisanayadda Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibaddu ay tahay 4 milyan oo doollar. Saaxiibkay mar mar ayuu warka uu i siinayo yara xawaasheeyaa!!! Waan  ku ceshay warkii, waxa uu yidhi markaas waa sannadka dambe 2016. Wasaaradda Qorshaynta miisaaniyaddeedu waxay ahay 50kun oo doollar keliya baaburo ma lahayn, xafiiskeeduna waataan soo sheegay biyaha jeebkayga ayaan ka soo geliyey, gabadha nadiifisa aniga ayaa mushaharka siin jiray, telefoonka Marrxuun Maxamed Xawaadle oo shirkaddii Soltelco joogay ayaa bilaash laba madax noogu tabarucay. Wasiirkii i beddelay ayaa xafiiskii laga nadiifin waayey, deeto Agaasimihii Guud oo Cawil Maxamed Faarax ahaa ayuu ku canaantay, Agaasimihii waxa uu u sheegay in gabadhii nadiifisada ahayd ay iska tegay, waayo wasiirkii hore ayaa mushaharka siin jiray. Sannadkii 1997 ee dawladda la dhisay mushahar ma lahayn wasiirradu. Waxan xasuustaa wasiir reer bari ah oo aan macruuf ahayn muddo badan ayaa ii yimid oo yidhi maanta dab lagama shidin gurigii ee Raashin ila doon. Guryaha wasiiradu waxay ahaan jireen “feeding centres” ama “Meel wax lagu quudiyo” meelo dad badani u soo cunto doontaan xiliga qadadii. Bakhaar aan iqiinay ayaan walaalkay ka damiintay, maadaama aannu reer Hargeysa ahayn oo guryo ku lahayn. Guriga aan ku jiray kiro kama bixin jirin oo reerka ayaa lahaa. Waxa yaab noqotay markii uu wasiir kale oo warkii helay oo isna reer bari ka soo jeedaa uu i weydiistay inaan isna raashiin bakhaarkii uga damiinto.

Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibaddu waa yara dhaantay Qorshaynta xagga miisaaniyadda waqtigaas, hase ahaatee intaba wakiillada dibadda ayaa loo diri jiray.  Aayad Qur’aanka ah ayaa odhanaysa “Wa in shakartum la asiidanakum, wa in kafartum la ina cadaabi la shadiid,” oo macnaheedu noqonayo, ‘haddii aad ku mahadnaqdaan khayrka iyo nimcada aan idin siiyey waa la idiin kordhin, haddii aad qarisaan nimcada iyo khayrka la idinku mannaystay dhibaato adag ayaad mudan doontaan.’

Akhristaw, wasaaradaha oo dhami way wada qabeen noloshaa adag ee aan soo sheegay. Haseyeeshee, rag ayaa u dhabar-adaygay oo aan xiix odhan oo shuruucdii iyo nidaamkii ay maanta halkaas ku gaadheen ee loo awooday miisaaniyado xadkaas leh (xafiisyo iyo baabuur iyo mushahaar) soo gaadhsiiyey oo seeska u dhigay. Haddii aad rabtid inaad nimankaas aad waayahooda ogaatid intii aakhiro u hoyatay mooyaane, waxaad ku soo bariidisaa fagaaraha dhirta hadh-dacaarta ah ee Wasaaradda Waxbarashada horteeda ku taalla,  iyaka oo qaar ka mid ahi fadhiyaan ayaad arki doontaa. “In this bright future you can’t forget your past.”

Xigasho; Hubaal.

SOMALILAND SABOOLNIMADI WAXAY KAGA BIXI KARTAA 10 SANO OO KALIYA……By ENG MAXAMED XAASHI CILMI

SOMALILAND SABOOLNIMADI WAXAY KAGA BIXI KARTAA 10 SANO OO KALIYA………ENG MAXAMED XAASHI Cilmi.

(published on 15th, nOV,  2015)

Eng Maxamed Xaashi Cilmi.       

Hiigsigaasi waxa aan ku saleeyay, kharashka xad-dhaafka ah ee inta yari ku tagri-fasho . Sida ku cad qaybtii koobaad shaxda I,

Kharashkaas oo ah:$116 ,029,960 ama 64% oo ka mid ah Miisaaniyadda 2015.

Haddii lacagtaa loo qoondeyn lahaa, HORUMAR iyo sido kale miisaaniyadaha ka dambeeya, mudadaa Toban sano, wuxu noqon ama ka badan doona, $1,160,299,600. Dhiisha FAQRIGA waa la tuuri lahaa.

Waxa la tabayaa, maamul-wanaagsan, oo aragti dheer leh, lexejeclo u leh, horumarka Dalka iyo daryeelka Dadkiisa. Waxa la tabayaa, Madax xakamaysa musuq-maasuqa baahay, eexda qabiil iyo cadaalad darrada. Waxa kale oo la tabayaa Madax maanka ku haysa, daryeelka iyo nolosha Dadkeeda.

QAADKU: Waa aafada u weyn ee Dalka. Wax siyaasad ah oo Dawladdu ka leedahayna ma jiro.

Waxa ku baxa: Maalintii: $ 1,180,000.

Bishii $36,580,000. Sannadkii $ 438,700,000.  

Waxa  inta dheer; wakhti lumis iyo caafimaad darro iyo sicir-barar.

QAYBTAN LABAAD, waxa aynu ku falanqayn, sidii looga midha-dhalin lahaa lacagta kor ku xusan, ee horumarka Dalka loogu isticmaa lahaa Iyo talaabooyinka ay tahay in la qaado:-
1.MUSUQ-MAASUQA:

HANTIDII Qaranka ee Xukuumaduhu, LUNSADEEN waa: DHUL, DAARO IYO LACAG ($204,425,266.5): HAAMIHII SHIDAALKAA, u dambeeyay. Af-garadkan ama Caadada Xukuumadaha xilka, la kala wareegaa waxa ay tahay; Xukuumaddii iga horeysay, wixii ay lunsatay, INDHAHAAN KA QARSADAY. Addna sidaa yeel.

Haddii aan talaabo adagg laga qaadin, musuq-maasuqa iyo eexdu, way baahi, Xasiloonida maanta Dalku ku sugan yahayna waa la waayi. Cabudhis, iyo caga-juglayni xal ma aha. Horaa loo eeday.

HANTIDA QARANKU WAXA AY KA DHAXAYSAA; UMMADDA REER SOMALILAND, Waxa ay ku bixi kartaa SHARCI: Dastuurka Qod.11aad-1,2 & 3. Iyo Dastuurka Qod. 12aad-1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Wixii ka baxsani, waa XATTOOYO.

2. SHAQO LA’AANTA:                                                                                                                      

Shaqo la’aanta waxa lagu qiyaasaa: 70 -75 %. Waa xaalad adag oo Madaxdu (Xukuumad/Xeer-Dejin), indhaha ka qarsadeen, dhagahana ka fureysteen. Dhayalsi iyo ku tagrifal hantida dadweynuhu ka qatan yahay, oo intooda badan aan dab loo shidin. Waa xaaladaha qaraxa iyo kacdoonu ka dhasho, ee aan Lama mahadin.

MAXAY DAWADU TAHAY?

Waxa caafimaadku ku jiraa, in la sameeyo Shaqo abuur Laxaad leh. Waana in lagu xisaabtamo Dadweynaha saboolka ah, D’ayarta iyo ardayda Dugsi-Hoose/Dhexe/ Sare iyo kuwa JAAMACADAHA ka soo BURQANAYA ee ay soo food-saartay: Shaqa la’aan, TAHRIIB iyo ismiidaamin7.

Buugga Somaliland In figures:                                                                                     Tirada ardayda Dugsi H/Dhexe      :  2011/12   = 184,682.

Tirada ardayda Dugsi Sare              :  2011/12   =   31,384.

Tirada ardayda Jaamacadaha :  2011/12 =13,752.

3. XAALADDA SHAQAALAHA:

Xukuumadii Madaxweyne Rayaale, shaqaaluhu wuxu ahaa: 6,933.

Xukuumada Madaxweyne Axmed Maxamed, shaqaaluhu waa: 15,223.

Shaqaalaha aan imtixaan gelin waa:5,308.

Shaqaalaha Aroortii BOOGA SAXEEXA, ee iska HOYDA waa:   7,186.

Maxaa loogu talagalay, TABABAR iyo SHAQO ee loo hayaa?

SHAQAALAHA GUUD IYO PERCENTAGE GRADES-KA
Grade	Number	Salary Per Month	Total Amount	Percentage of Grade
A	2871	1,017,120 = $130	2,920,151,520	26.6
B	7481	829,920 = $106	6,208,631,520	57
C ?	1692	639,600 = $  82	1,082,203,200	9.8
D ?	1980	374,400 = $  48	741,312,000	6.6
TOTAL	14024	Exch.Rate SLS 7.8	10,952,298,240	100

Saacadaha shaqadu aad bay u yar yihiin: Waxa haboon in shaqaalaha aan shaqayn; Gelinka dambe la hawl-geliyo. Taas oo ka mudan in la eryo. Xaaladda Shaqa la’aanta taagan awgeed. Waa in labada gelin ba la shaqeeyo. Shaqaalaha aroortii ha galaan 7am ilaa 12.00 duhurnimo.

Shaqaalaha gelinka dambe ha galaan 1da duhurnimo ilaa lixda 6da galabnimo. Markaa Dadweynuhu wuxu kasbi adeeg 10 saacadood ah, maalintii.

Arrimuhu intaa kuma dhama: Shaqaaluhu waa inuuo Daryeel helo:

Mushahar ay ku noolaan karaan iyo Hawlgab. Si cadaaladda loo sugo, shaqaaluhuna aqoon u korodhsado, eex iyo qabyaaladdana uga baxo, waxa iyana haboon, in tartan imtixaan loo galo shaqo qoridda iyo dalacaadda labada ba, darajada A ilaa C. (Agaasime guud ku jiro).
Dib u habeyn Maamulka Qaranka:

In Sharciyada la dhamaystiro. Laga baxo xeer baa qeexi. Madaxtooyadu ixtiraamto Dastuurka iyo Xeer-hoosaadyadiisa. Hanti-dhawrka iyo Xeer-ilaaliyaha guud, in shaqo ka errigooda la adkeeyo oo G/Wakiilada laga ansixiyo haddii dambi jiro.

Waa in ERIGOODU, aanu MADAXWEYNAHA u gaar noqon.

Markaas ayay ku dhiiran, in ay baadhaan musuq-maasuqa Madaxda Sare: Xukuumadda iyo Xeer-dejinta. Xaffiisyadu noqdaan, meel dadweynaha loogu adeego, oo ayna noqon meel Madaxdu, daaro dha-dheer ka dhisantaan.

DHISME GURYO JABAN, OO DAN-YARTA:  

 Kiradu waa qaali. Dan-yartu ma awoodi karto. Waa in Xukuumaddu u dhisto Guryo jaban. Waxa  lagu bilaabi LABA KUN OO GURI (2,000). Qiimaha Gurigu yahay; labaatan kun USD ($ 20,000) ama ka yar. Xukuumaddu bixiso 25%. Baaqigana kiraystuhu ku bixiyo kiro bileedka. Marka qiimaha gurigu dhamaado, mulkiga kireystuhu la wareego. Wuxu noqo qof Hantiile ah.

DHAQIDDA XOOLAHA, DARYEELKA DHIRTA iyo KHAYRAADKA BADDA:  

                                                               

 Xoolaha iyo Dhirtu waxay ku socdaan in ay TAFIIR-GO’AAN. KHAAYRAADKA BADDANA in la XAALUFIYO. Sidaa darteed waxa lama huraan ah, in Wasaaradaha qaabilsani,  xil iska saaraan ilaalinta iyo daryeel kooda. Waa in ay hawlahooda u badiyaan La shaqeeynta; xoola-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda, Dhaqaale iyo aqoon-cilmina lagu caawiyaa.

Tusaale ahaan, haddii la daryeelo adhiga wuxu sannadkii dhali laba jeer. Dhirtana la ilaaliyo oo loo sameeyo biyo-xidheeno iwm.

Khayraadka badda, si adagg loo ilaaliyo. Waxa kale oo loo baahan yahay in dadkeena la baro siday uga faa’idaysan lahaayeen khayraadka baddeena iyo in Dhaqaale lagu caawiyo kaluumaysatada oo la gaadhsiyo heer ay dibaadda u dhoofiyaan.

WARSHADDII SIBIDHKA:

Laba khalad ayay Xukuumaddu gashay. Hantida Qaranka oo cid gaar ah, gacanta u geliso. Waa hanti QARAN oo dadka u dhaxaysa, Dawladda xilka haysa ayaana uga  mas’uul ah. Hantidada UMMADDU leedahay, oo ay tahay  in caddaalad iyo sharciga lagu maamul, Xukuumadihii way ka gabiyeen xilkii ka saarnaa, Dhismaha warshaddii sibidhka. Waxay xal moodeen in ay faraha ka laabtaan, markii dad tiro yari isku qabsadeen. Waxa laga dheefi lahaa shaqo iyo dhakhli badan. Waxa ku tasoobay (59% Qaranka iyo 41% dadweynaha oo faaiido ah).

Talo ahaan; Xuxuumaddu ha ka baxdo NAAS-NUUJISKA tiro yar oo ay wadato. Ha iibiso; SAAMIYO (shares) yar-yar, oo dan yartuna awood karto. Tusaale ahaan, Affartan dollar ($40) saamigi. Ummadda Somaliland: Selel ilaa Sool iyo qurba-jooga, meel ay joogaanba, ha u sinnaadeen lahaanshaha Warshadda sibidhka iyo khayraadka kale.

Iibka saamiga yaanla joojin. Ha iska socdo. Marka qiimihii warshadda la dhamaystiro ama  la gaadho. Warshado kale ayaa lagu dhisi dheeraadka soo hoyda. Sida: warshad rinji, Kaluun, horumarinta dhuxul-dhagaxda, oo bad-baadin doonta DHIRTA. iwm.

ALLAA MAHAD LEH.

Eng. Maxamed Xaashi Cilmi.

Xigasho: daadmadheedhnew,net