MUSUQ-MAASUQA IYO DOORASHOOYINKA; HALKAY ISLA MARAYAAN AFRIKADA SAXAARAHA KA HOOSAYSA? by Garyaq Maxamed Axmed Cabdi Bacaluul.

Garyaq. Bacaluul. 

Waxaynu qormadan kooban ku eegi doonaa, Kaalinta ay doorashooyinku ku leeyihin isbaddalada ay Doorashooyinku ku yeesheen Qaaradda Afrika, gaar ahaan dalalka Saxaaraha Afrika ka hooseeya. Qormadan, oo aan ka tixraacay Warbixintii ugu dambaysay ee ay Soo saartay hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Qiimeysa Heerarka uu Maamulwanaagga iyo Madaw-madaw la'aanta Nidaamyada Xukuumadeed ee dawladaha adduunku ay kolba taaganyihiin.

Shucuubta dalalkan ayaa la dareemayaa inay Musuq-maasuqa u aqoonsadeen, in uu yahay halka ay ku arooraan dhibaatooyinka sababay dib-u-dhaca nololeed ee ay ku noolyihiin. 

Kahor intaynaan taas gudo galin, waxay eegi doonaa  sida uu u shaqeeyo Halbeeggan Caalamiga ah ee lagu Qiyaaso halka uu marayo musuq-maasuqa ka jira dawladuhu. 

Marka aynu Ka hadlaynu heerka uu musuq-maasuqa marayay sannadkii tagay, ma jiro la dal qudha oo adduunyada la odhan karo wuxuu gaadhay ama illaa xad u dhawaaday heerkii ama dhibicdiii ugu sarreeyay ee la doonayay inay dawladaha caalamka ka gaadhaan, Maamul-wanaagga iyo La-dagaalanka Musuq-maasuqa. In ka badan laba meeloodoow saddex 2/3 oo kamida 176 dal, ayaa hoos maray halka badhtamaha u ah halbeeggaasi la isla qaatay in lagu qiimeeyo sida ay dawladuhu ula tacaalaan Musuq-maasuqa.

Heer-qiyaaseedkaasi oo lagu qiimeynayo dadaalka ay dawladuhu ku xakameeyaan musuq-maasuqa ayaa ka bilaabmaya eber (0) oo u taagan dadaalka ugu yar (musuq-maasuqa ugu badan). Halka  uu boqolkuna (100) uu yahay darajada ugu sarraysa ee tilmaamysa dadaalka ugu badan ee musuq-maasaq la dagaalanka, amaba la odhan karo waa darajada Musuq-maasuq la'aanta (Nadiifnimadu) ee Qaran gaadho. Waxaan cel-celis ahaan la isla qaatay in aan laga hoosayni inuu yahay saddex iyo afartan (43). Heerkaasi oo tilmaamaya inuu musuq-maasuqu si baahsan oon qarsoodi ahayn uga jiro dhammaan hay'adaha iyo laamaha Maamul ee ay dawladi leedahay.  Waxaanad ku arkaysaa Jaantuska 1-aad inay  Wadamada ugu dhibcaha badan, ee nadiifnimada ama musuq-maasuq yaraanta gaadhay oo ah kuwa ku midabaysan huruud ay aad uga tiro yaryihiin, dalalka ku midabaysan liimiga (orange-coloured), oo tilmaamaya meelahay ay muwaadiniintu sida caadiga ah la kulmaan Saamaynta musuq-maasuqa. 

Dalalka Halbeegga qiimaynta meesha hoose kaga jira, waxay ku caan yihiin inay hay'adahooga u adeega bulshadu (eg. Bilayska iyo Garsoorku), ay yihiin kuwa aan daacadnimadooda la isku hallayn karin oo aan sidii la rabay shaqaynin. Xataa haddii ay dawladahani leeyihiin xeerar lagula tacaalo musuq-maasuqa, sharciyadoodaas maaha wax dhaafsiisan buugaagta ay ku qoranyihiin, oo lagu camal falo. Muwaadiniinta ku nooli dalalkaasina ee adeeg-sugayaasha ahina, waa kuwa aanay waxba u socon karin illaa ay laaluush bixiyaan (bribery), amaba baad (extortion). Waxaanay taasi ugu wacan, iyadoo dhaqaalihii loogu talogalay inay xafiisyadu ku adeegaan ay leexsadaaan madaxda sar-sare. Haddii xataa ay muwaadiniintu isku dayi lahaayeen, inay ka cawdaan laaluushkaasi ama baaddaasi, oo ay u gudbisan lahaayeen Hay'adaha Ku shaqada leh, waxay ogyihiin in ay cabashadaasi lafteedu ay ku tagayso kharash ka badan kii hore ee ay ka cabanayaan, amaba uu waqti badan kaga lumayo intay ka dhursugayaan.

Wadamada ay darajadoodu sarrayso (Highly-ranked), waxa astaan u ah oo lagu gartaa waa heerka ay saxaafaddoodu ay ka madax-bannaantahay saamaynta iyo cabsi kaga timaadda kuwa awoodda haysta amaba Dhaqaalaha iyo Illaa heerka ay hay'adaha Dawladdu ay daaha-ka-qaadi karaan sida ay u kharash-gareeyeen dakhli miisaaniyadeedkii loo qoondeeyay. Daahfurnaantaasi oo macnaheedu yahay in ay si iskooda oo waqtiyaysan ugu warceliyaan cashuurbixiyayaashii, iyo inay leeyihiin nidaam furan oo si sahlan u siin kara, muwaadiniinta xog-raadiska ah, sida Cilmi-baadhayaasha, Suxufiyiinta,  iyo cidkasta oo danaynaysaba.

Muwadiniinta dawladahani heerka-sare taagani, waxay sii ogyihiin shuruudaha ama waxyaabaha laga rabo markay rabaan adeeg-dawladeed. Sidaa darteed ayaa hadday buuxiyaan shuruudaha  uu nidaamku farayo, aanay ahayn kuwa ka war-wara in si sabab la'an ah loogu diido, ama lagu caansiiriyo adeeggay xaqa u lahaayeen. Sidoo kalana, Suurtagal ma aha inay Madaxda dawladahani ay hoos u galaan qandaraasyo sir ah, ama saamiyo qarsoon ku yeeshaan shirkado jira ama cusub, iyagoo ka faa'idaysanaya awooddii qaranku siiyay (Conflict of Interest). Waxa kale oo mustaxiil ah in uu Sarkaal Xukuumadeed uu si aan la fahmi karin uu ku helo una  keydsado lacago ka badan dakhligiisii caadiga ahaa (Illicit funding).

Transparency International 2016 report: Jaantuska 1-aad

Heerka ay dalalku kaga jiraan Xakamaynta Musuq-maasuqa Maamulkooga  (2012-2016kii)/ Source: Transparency international 2016

Rank 1	Country Denmark			2016  90	2015  91	2014  92		2013  91	2012  90	Region     Europe and Central Asia
1	New Zealand			90	91	91		91	90	Asia Pacific
3	Finland			89	90	89		89	90	Europe and Central Asia
4	Sweden			88	89	87		89	88	Europe and Central Asia
5	Switzerland			86	86	86		85	86	Europe and Central Asia
6	Norway			85	88	86		86	85	Europe and Central Asia
7	Singapore			84	85	84		86	87	Asia Pacific
8	Netherlands			83	84	83		83	84	Europe and Central Asia
9	Canada			82	83	81		81	84	Americas
10	Germany			81	81	79		78	79	Europe and Central Asia
10	Luxembourg			81	85	82		80	80	Europe and Central Asia
10	United Kingdom			81	81	78		76	74	Europe and Central Asia
13	Australia			79	79	80		81	85	Asia Pacific
14	Iceland			78	79	79		78	82	Europe and Central Asia
15	Belgium			77	77	76		75	75	Europe and Central Asia
15	Hong Kong			77	75	74		75	77	Asia Pacific
17	Austria			75	76	72		69	69	Europe and Central Asia
18	United States			74	76	74		73	73	Americas
19	Ireland			73	75	74		72	69	Europe and Central Asia
20	Japan			72	75	76		74	74	Asia Pacific
21	Uruguay			71	74	73		73	72	Americas
22	Estonia			70	70	69		68	64	Europe and Central Asia
23	France			69	70	69		71	71	Europe and Central Asia
24	Bahamas			66	N/A	71		71	71	Americas
24	Chile			66	70	73		71	72	Americas
24	United Arab Emirates			66	70	70		69	68	Middle East and North Africa
27	Bhutan			65	65	65		63	63	Asia Pacific
28	Israel			64	61	60		61	60	Middle East and North Africa
29	Poland			62	63	61		60	58	Europe and Central Asia
29	Portugal			62	64	63		62	63	Europe and Central Asia
31	Barbados			61	N/A	74		75	76	Americas
31	Qatar			61	71	69		68	68	Middle East and North Africa
31	Slovenia			61	60	58		57	61	Europe and Central Asia
31	Taiwan			61	62	61		61	61	Asia Pacific
35	Botswana			60	63	63		64	65	Sub Saharan Africa
35	Saint Lucia			60	N/A	71		71	71	Americas
35	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines			60	N/A	62		62	62	Americas
38	Cape Verde			59	55	57		58	60	Sub Saharan Africa
38	Dominica			59	N/A	58		58	58	Americas
38	Lithuania			59	59	58		57	54	Europe and Central Asia
41	Brunei			58	N/A	N/A		60	55	Asia Pacific
41	Costa Rica			58	55	54		53	54	Americas
41	Spain			58	58	60		59	65	Europe and Central Asia
44	Georgia			57	52	52		49	52	Europe and Central Asia
44	Latvia			57	56	55		53	49	Europe and Central Asia
46	Grenada			56	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A	Americas
47	Cyprus			55	61	63		63	66	Europe and Central Asia
47	Czech Republic			55	56	51		48	49	Europe and Central Asia
47	Malta			55	60	55		56	57	Europe and Central Asia
50	Mauritius			54	53	54		52	57	Sub Saharan Africa
50	Rwanda			54	54	49		53	53	Sub Saharan Africa
52	Korea (South)			53	54	55		55	56	Asia Pacific
53	Namibia			52	53	49		48	48	Sub Saharan Africa
54	Slovakia			51	51	50		47	46	Europe and Central Asia
55	Croatia			49	51	48		48	46	Europe and Central Asia
55	Malaysia			49	50	52		50	49	Asia Pacific
57	Hungary			48	51	54		54	55	Europe and Central Asia
57	Jordan			48	53	49		45	48	Middle East and North Africa
57	Romania			48	46	43		43	44	Europe and Central Asia
60	Cuba			47	47	46		46	48	Americas
60	Italy			47	44	43		43	42	Europe and Central Asia
62	Sao Tome and Principe			46	42	42		42	42	Sub Saharan Africa
62	Saudi Arabia			46	52	49		46	44	Middle East and North Africa
64	Montenegro			45	44	42		44	41	Europe and Central Asia
64	Oman			45	45	45		47	47	Middle East and North Africa
64	Senegal			45	44	43		41	36	Sub Saharan Africa
64	South Africa			45	44	44		42	43	Sub Saharan Africa
64	Suriname			45	36	36		36	37	Americas
69	Greece			44	46	43		40	36	Europe and Central Asia
70	Bahrain			43	51	49		48	51	Middle East and North Africa
70	Ghana			43	47	48		46	45	Sub Saharan Africa
72	Burkina Faso			42	38	38		38	38	Sub Saharan Africa
72	Serbia			42	40	41		42	39	Europe and Central Asia
72	Solomon Islands			42	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A	Asia Pacific
75	Bulgaria			41	41	43		41	41	Europe and Central Asia
75	Kuwait			41	49	44		43	44	Middle East and North Africa
75	Tunisia			41	38	40		41	41	Middle East and North Africa
75	Turkey			41	42	45		50	49	Europe and Central Asia
79	Belarus			40	32	31		29	31	Europe and Central Asia
79	Brazil			40	38	43		42	43	Americas
79	China			40	37	36		40	39	Asia Pacific
79	India			40	38	38		36	36	Asia Pacific
83	Albania			39	36	33		31	33	Europe and Central Asia
83	Bosnia and Herzegovina			39	38	39		42	42	Europe and Central Asia
83	Jamaica			39	41	38		38	38	Americas
83	Lesotho			39	44	49		49	45	Sub Saharan Africa
87	Mongolia			38	39	39		38	36	Asia Pacific
87	Panama			38	39	37		35	38	Americas
87	Zambia			38	38	38		38	37	Sub Saharan Africa
90	Colombia			37	37	37		36	36	Americas
90	Indonesia			37	36	34		32	32	Asia Pacific
90	Liberia			37	37	37		38	41	Sub Saharan Africa
90	Morocco			37	36	39		37	37	Middle East and North Africa
90	The FYR of Macedonia			37	42	45		44	43	Europe and Central Asia
95	Argentina			36	32	34		34	35	Americas
95	Benin			36	37	39		36	36	Sub Saharan Africa
95	El Salvador			36	39	39		38	38	Americas
95	Kosovo			36	33	33		33	34	Europe and Central Asia
95	Maldives			36	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A	Asia Pacific
95	Sri Lanka			36	37	38		37	40	Asia Pacific
101	Gabon			35	34	37		34	35	Sub Saharan Africa
101	Niger			35	34	35		34	33	Sub Saharan Africa
101	Peru			35	36	38		38	38	Americas
101	Philippines			35	35	38		36	34	Asia Pacific
101	Thailand			35	38	38		35	37	Asia Pacific
101	Timor-Leste			35	28	28		30	33	Asia Pacific
101	Trinidad and Tobago			35	39	38		38	39	Americas
108	Algeria			34	36	36		36	34	Middle East and North Africa
108	Côte d´Ivoire			34	32	32		27	29	Sub Saharan Africa
108	Egypt			34	36	37		32	32	Middle East and North Africa
108	Ethiopia			34	33	33		33	33	Sub Saharan Africa
108	Guyana			34	29	30		27	28	Americas
113	Armenia			33	35	37		36	34	Europe and Central Asia
113	Bolivia			33	34	35		34	34	Americas
113	Vietnam			33	31	31		31	31	Asia Pacific
116	Mali			32	35	32		28	34	Sub Saharan Africa
116	Pakistan			32	30	29		28	27	Asia Pacific
116	Tanzania			32	30	31		33	35	Sub Saharan Africa
116	Togo			32	32	29		29	30	Sub Saharan Africa
120	Dominican Republic			31	33	32		29	32	Americas
120	Ecuador			31	32	33		35	32	Americas
120	Malawi			31	31	33		37	37	Sub Saharan Africa
123	Azerbaijan			30	29	29		28	27	Europe and Central Asia
123	Djibouti			30	34	34		36	36	Sub Saharan Africa
123	Honduras			30	31	29		26	28	Americas
123	Laos			30	25	25		26	21	Asia Pacific
123	Mexico			30	31	35		34	34	Americas
123	Moldova			30	33	35		35	36	Europe and Central Asia
123	Paraguay			30	27	24		24	25	Americas
123	Sierra Leone			30	29	31		30	31	Sub Saharan Africa
131	Iran			29	27	27		25	28	Middle East and North Africa
131	Kazakhstan			29	28	29		26	28	Europe and Central Asia
131	Nepal			29	27	29		31	27	Asia Pacific
131	Russia			29	29	27		28	28	Europe and Central Asia
131	Ukraine			29	27	26		25	26	Europe and Central Asia
136	Guatemala			28	28	32		29	33	Americas
136	Kyrgyzstan			28	28	27		24	24	Europe and Central Asia
136	Lebanon			28	28	27		28	30	Middle East and North Africa
136	Myanmar			28	22	21		21	15	Asia Pacific
136	Nigeria			28	26	27		25	27	Sub Saharan Africa
136	Papua New Guinea			28	25	25		25	25	Asia Pacific
142	Guinea			27	25	25		24	24	Sub Saharan Africa
142	Mauritania			27	31	30		30	31	Middle East and North Africa
142	Mozambique			27	31	31		30	31	Sub Saharan Africa
145	Bangladesh			26	25	25		27	26	Asia Pacific
145	Cameroon			26	27	27		25	26	Sub Saharan Africa
145	Gambia			26	28	29		28	34	Sub Saharan Africa
145	Kenya			26	25	25		27	27	Sub Saharan Africa
145	Madagascar			26	28	28		28	32	Sub Saharan Africa
145	Nicaragua			26	27	28		28	29	Americas
151	Tajikistan			25	26	23		22	22	Europe and Central Asia
151	Uganda			25	25	26		26	29	Sub Saharan Africa
153	Comoros			24	26	26		28	28	Sub Saharan Africa
154	Turkmenistan			22	18	17		17	17	Europe and Central Asia
154	Zimbabwe			22	21	21		21	20	Sub Saharan Africa
156	Cambodia			21	21	21		20	22	Asia Pacific
156	Democratic Republic of Congo			21	22	22		22	21	Sub Saharan Africa
156	Uzbekistan			21	19	18		17	17	Europe and Central Asia
159	Burundi			20	21	20		21	19	Sub Saharan Africa
159	Central African Republic			20	24	24		25	26	Sub Saharan Africa
159	Chad			20	22	22		19	19	Sub Saharan Africa
159	Haiti			20	17	19		19	19	Americas
159	Republic of Congo			20	23	23		22	26	Sub Saharan Africa
164	Angola			18	15	19		23	22	Sub Saharan Africa
164	Eritrea			18	18	18		20	25	Sub Saharan Africa
166	Iraq			17	16	16		16	18	Middle East and North Africa
166	Venezuela			17	17	19		20	19	Americas
168	Guinea-Bissau			16	17	19		19	25	Sub Saharan Africa
169	Afghanistan			15	11	12		8	8	Asia Pacific
170	Libya			14	16	18		15	21	Middle East and North Africa
170	Sudan			14	12	11		11	13	Middle East and North Africa
170	Yemen			14	18	19		18	23	Middle East and North Africa
173	Syria			13	18	20		17	26	Middle East and North Africa
174	Korea (North)			12	8	8		8	8	Asia Pacific
175	South Sudan			11	15	15		14	N/A	Sub Saharan Africa
176	Somalia			10	8	8		8	8	Sub Saharan Africa
2016 Rank		Country	2016 Score				2015 Score				2014 Score	2013 Score		2012 Score	Region

DOORASHOOYINKA MADAXTINNIMADA IYO SIDAY U SAAMEEYEEN DALALKA AFRIKA EE SAXAARAHA KA HOOSEEYA (Sub-saharan Africa)

Mawduuca ugu weyn ee uu ololaha doorashooyinka Afrika ka midaysanyahay waa la dagaalanka Musuq-maasuqa. Sida ay shucuubta Afrika uga dharagsanyihiin, inuu Musuq-maasuqu yahay caqabadda laf dhabarta u ah faqriga baahsan, tayo-xumada adeegyada dawladeed, colaadaha iyo aqoondarrada hoos u dhigtay noloshooda.

Wadanka Ghana ayaa hoos uga dhacay kaalintii uu kaga jiray Xakamaynta Musuq-maasuqa sannadkii hore.Waxaana codbixintii doorashooyinka ee dalkaasi, laga arkayay sida ay dadweynaha dalkaasi ay khaatiga uga taaganyihiin, musuq-maasuqa ay madaxda dawladdooda caadaysteen, oo halkii ugu darnaa abid gaadhay. Wadamada Koonfur Afrika oo kobiciisa dhaqaale intan danbe taagnaa, ayaa isna kamida dalalka hoos uga dhacay heerkii ay kaga jireen La dagaalanka Musuq-maasuqa. Joseph Kabilaha Koongo, iyo Yahya Jamaca xukuma dalka Ghambiya, oo labadooduba sannadkii tagay ku guuldarreystay tar-tankii Madaxtannimada, ayaa ina tusaya sida uu nidaamka doorashooyinka ee Dimuqraadiyaddu uu u noqday caqabad ka hortimid xukuumadihii ku caanbaxay musuq-maasuqa.

WADAMA UGU WANAAGSAN

Dalalka Cape De Verde iyo Sao Tome and Pricipe, ayaa la sheegay inay yihiin wadamada hagaajiyay maamulkooga, ama la odhan karo tallaabooyin la dareemi karo ayay hore uga sii qaadeen sidii ay musuq-maasuqa u dhimi lahaayeen sannadkii hore ee 2016. Labada dalba waxay sannadkaasi galeen tar-tan doorasho oo madaxtooyo, Waxaanay xusid mudan inay kormeerayaashii caalamku ay Doorashadii Madaxtooyada ee ka dhacday Cape De Verde sannadkii hore ay ku tilmaameen mid tusaale wanaagsan u noqon karta qaaradda inteeda kale. Waxaana la sheegay in uu Madaxweynaha dalkaasi, Jorge Carlos Fonsenca uu ku mutaystay inay shacabkiisu dib-u-doortaan, iyagoo ku abaalmarinaya isbadallada uu dib-ugu-habeeyay qaabdhismeedka hayadaha maamul iyo Nidaamka ay ku hawlgalaanba guud ahaan.

Transparency International 2016 report: Jaantuska 3-aad.

Dalalka Sao Tome and Principe ayaa isaguna  qabsaday doorashadiisii madaxtooyada sannadkii hore, ayaa isna Maamulkii ka talinayay u taabogaliyay isbadal wanaagsan oo lagu sameeyay hannaankii xukuumadeed ee jiray. Isbaddalkaasi oo xujo ku noqonayaa Maamullada kale ee qaaradda ka jira. 

WADAMADA UGU DARAN. 

Walaw ay Ghani kamid tahay dalalka ay Qaaradda Afrika inteeda kale ku hirato, markay xagga dimuqraadiyadda noqoto, ayaa ay warbixinta ay soo saartay Hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Daahfurnaanta Maamulada Dawladaha qiimeysa, ay sheegaysaa inay iyada 6 dal oo kale oo Afrikaan ahi ay kaalintii ay kaga jireen La dagaalanka Musuq-maasuqa, ay hoos uga dhaceen, Waxaanu Musuq-maasuqa dalka Gaani gaadhay, heer ay dadweynuhu ka adkeysan waayeen halkuu marayay, isla markaana ay cadhadoodii kula dhaceen Madaxweynihii talada hayay, kaasi oo markii ugu horreysay noqonaya madaxweynihii reer Ghana ee isagoo talada haya kuu guuldarraysta inuu hanto codka shacabkiisa. 

Dawladaha kale ee la filayay inay wax ka qabtaan musuq-maasuqa, ee ku guuldarreystay inay keenaan dhibcihii loogu talogalay, waxa kamida Dalka Koonfur Afrika, Nayjeeriya, Tanzaniya iyo Kiiniya.  Jakob Suma oo ah Madaxweynaha Koonfur Afrika ayay Dacwad Musuq-maasaqa la xidhiidhaa ay kaga socotaa dalkiisa, isla markaana ay warbaahintu qaadaa-dhigaysaa Fadeexadaha musuq-maasuq ee waayadan danbe dul-hoganaya.

Dalka Kiiniya oo isku dayay inuu qaado tallaabooyin uu xakameeyo musuq-maasuq baahsan ee aafeeyay xukuumaddiisa, sidoo kalana ansixiyay Xeer Dammaanad Qaadaya Xaqa ay Dadku u Leeyihiin inay ka war-helaan Waxqabadyada iyo Barnaamijyada Maaliyadeed ee Hay'adaha Dawladda (Right to Information Act), ayaan isna meel fog soo socda. Waxaanu musuq-maasuqu noqday jahwareerkii ugu weynaa ee lasoo darsay Madaxweyne Uhuru Kenyata, markii ay dib-u-qaabayntii Maamul ee uu sameeyay, ay wax natiija ka keeni weyday dadaalkii musuq-maasuq xakamaynta (2017). Jaahwarerkiisaasi oo aad looga dareemay, tar-tankii doorashooyinka ee uu sannadkan galay  oo uu musuq-maasuqu ahaa guuldarrooyinka ugu waaweyn ee loo tiriniyay hoggaankiisa. 

Waxaana Qiimeynta lagu sameeyay dalalka Afrika ee Saxaaraha ka hooseeya, qiimeynta lagu sameeyay kamida Dalka Somaliland, oo ay Isaga iyo Somaliyaba kaga jiraan Kaalinta ugu hoosaysa marka la eegayo, heerka Daahfurnaanta Nidaamka Xukuumadeed iyo Xakamaynta musuq-maasuqa.

MAXAA LOO BAAHANYAHAY IN LA SAMEEYO?

Waxa su'aashaasi sare ka jawaabaysa, daraasaddan ay diyaarisay 2016-kii, Hayadda U Ololoaysa Daahfurnaanta Nidaamyada Xukuumadeed ee Dawladaha ee loo yaqaan (Transparency International). Waxayna warbixintani talo ahaan usoo jeedinaysaa, inay Madaxweynayaasha ku ololeeyay La-dagaalanka Musuq-maasuq (Anti Corruption ticket) ee ballanqaadkoogaasi ay dadweynuhu kursiga ku geeyeen, inay ballanqaadkoogaasi u baddalaan ficil oo laga arko Nidaamka shaqo ee Xukuumadahooda. Taasi oo u uga baahan,  inay iyagoo raacaya mabadi'da Maamul-wanaagga, iyo Dimuqraadiyada  iyo Xuquuqda Aadamaha, ay dib-uqaabayn ku sameeyaan qaabdhismeedka sharciyeed ee haylkalka maamul ku dhisanyahay (Bureaucratic restructuring)   Waxaana tilmaamaya in ay ka dhab sheegayaan Ballanqaadyadii Musuq-maasuq Xakamaynta iyo  in kale, marka la qiimeeyo doorka iyo awoodaha ay siiyaan Haya'daha ku shaqada leh La-xisaabtanka iyo Dabagalka Waaxda fulinta (Institutions that hold governments accountable). Hay'adahaasi oo ay kamid yihiin: Bangiga Dhexe, Hantidhawarka iyo Xisaabaadka, Guddiyada Dabagala Musuq-maasuqa, Saxaafadda madaxbannaan, iwm.

Sidaa darteed waxa lagula taliyay inay madaxdaasi xoojiyaan, hayadahaasi Nidaamka Xukuumadeed ku ilaalinaya xeyndaabkooga, iyagoo hirgalinaya Nidaam Sharciyeed oo awood-u-siinaya inay si madaxbannaan, oo qaabaysan (systematic) u fuliyaan hawlahooga baadhiseed, Taasi oo ay kamid tahay inay Madaxda iyo hawl-wadeennada hay'adahaasi ay helaan dammaanad xileed oo muddaysan, isla markaana loo abuuro Nidaam Sharciyeed oo ku qasbaya hay'adaha kale inay la shaqeeyaan una hogaansamaan amaradooda iyo tilmaamaha (guidelines) ay kolba usoo jeediyaan laamaha fulinta.

Garyaqaan Maxamed Axmed Cabdi Bacaluul (waddi12@gmail.com)

IS IT DEMOCRACY OR HYPOCRISY? By Mohamed Ahmed Abdi Ba'alul.

IS IT DEMOCRACY OR HYPOCRISY?

               By Mohamed Ahmed Abdi Ba’alul (waddi 12@gmail.com)

In democratic politics, political parties are meant to be the living bridges between the people and power—the open gates through which every citizen may walk toward participation, dignity, and representation. Political participation should never be treated as a private gift wrapped in the hands of Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud Silanyo, Faisal Ali Warabe, or any other powerful party owner who sits like a gatekeeper before the doors of democracy. It is not charity; it is not favor; it is not inheritance. It is a sacred constitutional right that belongs equally to the ordinary citizen and the political giant alike.
Yet our political reality tells a darker story. We continue to wander through the same dusty labyrinth of confusion that swallowed the UDUB Party when it dissolved into silence, and that forced fragments of the UCID Party to search desperately for new masks to wear in pursuit of old ambitions. Despite these repeated failures, society seems strangely comfortable living inside this unfinished house of contradictions, where constitutional promises decorate the walls but never open the doors. The right to political participation has become a beautiful word buried in dry legal pages, while real political access sleeps in private kitchens and locked briefcases.
This is a country where political parties often grow like trees watered not by national vision, but by the narrow rivers of clan loyalty. Coalitions rise like temporary tents in a desert storm—not to shelter the people, but to protect the ambitions of a privileged few. It is a place where the camera is deliberately turned upside down, and everyone pretends the image is still straight. If this sounds absurd, it is because politics here often walks backward while calling itself progress. Selfish men, hungry for influence, and bloodless corporations, thirsty for control, sit at the table of power while the silent majority waits outside the door. Somaliland has become a stage where people are given the vote but denied the voice, where democracy wears fine clothes but walks barefoot in truth.
I live in a country where citizenship is too often chained to primitive clanship, where a man is measured less by the weight of his character and more by the shadow of his lineage. People are born carrying names that become invisible prisons, and they are expected to live as echoes of inherited loyalties rather than as free and responsible citizens. Ignorance hangs above society like a dark cloud before a storm, heavy and patient. The whole nation drifts in an ocean of tribal illusion, and its people struggle like swimmers against restless waves and merciless currents, never certain whether they are moving toward the shore or being pulled into deeper waters.
Those who argue that clan institutions are the sacred bones of Somaliland politics are often not protecting tradition—they are merely decorating their own interests with the language of necessity. Yes, clans once stood like the last surviving trees after the forest of state institutions had burned to ashes. In the painful post-war years, they were the only remaining structures capable of giving people shade, order, and representation. But they were meant to be a bridge, not a destination;  a lifeboat, not the shore itself.
Today, clans have become the softest pillows for political opportunists who fear the hard road of genuine political dialogue. Instead of building national visions broad enough to shelter all citizens, many politicians retreat into the small rooms of clan activism, speaking only to familiar ears and inherited loyalties. Blood relations have become political passports for those who lack persuasive ideas, moral courage, and the intellectual strength to stand before the full nation. They borrow legitimacy from ancestry because they cannot build it through leadership.
Recent events reveal an even sadder truth: our traditional, consensus-based methods of conflict resolution are losing both their wisdom and their usefulness. Meanwhile, the Constitutional Court is increasingly treated like a political hospital where non-legal wounds are brought for impossible healing. Parliamentary conflicts have risen to such shameful heights that the Speaker and his deputy fought before the cold eye of the camera. What should have been a temple of law became a marketplace of humiliation. Such scenes do not reflect democratic maturity; they expose institutional weakness dressed in official clothing.
People are tired—tired of dragging a democracy that floats like a broken boat, promising arrival but delivering only circles. Elections come and go like seasons, repetitive and predictable, yet they leave behind the same dry soil of disappointment. A democracy that ignores the hunger, pain, and daily struggles of ordinary citizens is not democracy at all; it is theatre without justice, performance without principle, and hypocrisy wearing the mask of national progress.
When justice is silent, when equality is selective, and when representation becomes a privilege rather than a right, democracy ceases to be a living system and becomes only a well-polished lie.
Mohamed Ahmed Abdi Ba’alul
Waddi12@gmail.com

Madaxweynuhu ha Sameeyo Wasaaradda Danaha Dadka aan Wasiirada laheeyn by Prof Ahmed Abdi Da'ar

Prof Ahmed Abdi Da'ar

Waxa la arkijiray tiro yar oo wasiro ah oo dadka u wada wasiiro ah. Maantana, haddii aanay tirada wasiirada dawladda Axmed Silaanyo kaba badneyn, waxay ku dhawdahay lixdameeyo wasiir iyo ku xigeeno iyo wasiiro dawlo. (Tirada la taliyayaashana hadalkooga daa!) dadkii wasiir, xildhibaan iyo suldaan ayuu ku ibtiloobay.

”Anaku ma lihin wasiir iyo suldaan iyo agaasime guud iyo la taliye madaxweyne iyo wax la mid ah oo wax noo qabto,” ayay kugu odhanayaan dad badan oo dareemaya miciin la´aan ”wasiir-iyaga-ah” la´aanteed.

Miyaanay aheen in, marka laga reebo dadka aan xafiisyada kala aqoonin ee baahida u qabo in la tilmaamo amma gacanta la qabto, inuu qof waliba xafiiska dawladda ee u wax uga baahdo kalsooni ku galo oo uu ka soo dhammeeysto wuxuu uga baahnaa iyadoon wasiir ”iyaga ihi gacanta haynin” siday ahaan jirtay inta badan dawladdan ka hor?

Taasi imika ma dhacdo inta bada. kalsoonidii baa dadka ka baxday. Waxay arkeyn dadkaasi cabanayaa tixgelin la´aan haddii aan wasiir u hadlaa jirin amma aanu gacanta haynin suldaan amma caaqilkii isaga la wadi jiray. Waxa la hiigsanayay in gacan-qabasho wasiir iyo xildhibaan laga maarmo.

Maxaa keenay inay cid waliba doonto ”wasiir iyaga ah”?

Waxa keenay waxa laga iimaan beelay (loss of trust) dawladnimadii iyo wasiiradii la wada lahanjiray. Waxa dadku ka qaadaan caafimaadka amma cudurka kolba dawladda xukunta. Waxa la arkay wasiiro mukhalasiin ah oo danahooga khaaska ah hadh iyo habeen ku foogan oo reerahoogana si gaar ah ugu hadla sidii oo aanay wasiiro u aheyn reeraha kale.

Farabadintii wasisirada tirada badan ee Silaanyo iyo dawladiisa ee reernimada ku salaysani waxay abuurtay baahi cusub oo aan dalka hore u jirijirin oo reer walba ku beerantay inuu yeesho wasiir danahiisa reernimo u fuliya sida wasiirada reeraha kale iyo suldaan loogu soo joogsado.

Waxa aad ku arkikartaa Hargeysa maanta caaqil indhole ah (waa dadkii aan xafiisyada aqoonin ee gacanta la qabanjiray) oo isagu gacanta haya inan dhalinyaro ah oo saddex jaamacdood o kala sareeya ka soo baxay amma shahaadad ku haysto maamulka dawladdaha “public administration” si uu xafiis dawladeed wax uga soo dhameeyo. Waxa dhashay: “soo kaxayso caaqilkaaga”. “maxaan kuu qabankaraa wasiirba ma lihidin eh!”

Dawladda Silaanyo waxay ku bilaabantay labaataneeyo wasiir oo dad la biday inay aqoon u leeyihiin maamulka dawladuhu u soo jeediyeen bilawgii. Maanta saddex jibaar ayay korodhay tiradii wasiiradu. Dawgi reeraha ayuu ka doorbiday kii toosnaa ee tirada yar ee wasiiradu u wada ahaayeen wasiiro dadkoo dhan. Dib baa loo dhababaceeyay! Sidaas baa weliba ammaan lagaaga doonayaa!

Reeraha uu mid walba u sii kala baxayo boqolaalka reer, jilib iyo jifo dawladdu ma dhicikarto inay wada yeeshaan wasiiro. Haddana waa inay dawladdu qaadaa mas uliyadda baahitirada baahidan cusub ee la yidhaa ”wasiir-anga-ah” ee iyadu abuurtay amma dadka ka furdaamisa waxan ay ku ibtileeysay. Waxa la odhanjiray ”Dameeraha Adari ninkii ooda ka qaadaa foofiya”.

Dad tiro badan ayaa maanta dareemaya wasiir-la´aan sidi oo aanay dalkoogii joogin. Deetana waxa abuurmay xiliyeeysi: ”doorashadii hore jilib hebel ayaa la doortay amma jifo heblaayo ayuu wasiirku ka yimid ee doorashada soo socota waa xiliyaygii, ayaa socota. Dadkii madaxay iskula wada jiraan, xiliyeeysi xal ma aha.

Dadkaasi badan ee dareemaya inay ka baxsanyihiin xaydaanka dawladda Silaanyo oo cid walba lihi, malaha waxay madaxweynaha uga baahinyihiin, si uu u baahitiro, inuu u sameeyo wasaarad cusub oo lagu magacaabo ”wasaaradda dadka aan wasiirada laheyn” iyo, kaftan la´aan, dawlad kooban o caqligal ah.

By Prof Ahmed Abdi Da'ar, Posted on his facebook wall on 20th Oct, 2016

CAQABADAHA SHARCI EE HOR YAALA GARSOORKA SOOMALILAND by Garyaq. Maxamed Axmed Cabdi Bacaluul.

Garyaq. Bacaluul.            

DASTUURKA IYO GARSOORKA SOMALILAND

Maxkamadda Sare

Markaad eegto qaab-dhismeedka Garsoorka iyo sida uu distoorku u kala sarreysiiyay qeybaha kala duwan ee Maxkamadaha, hadday tahay hannaan dacwadeedyada, iyo Juqraafi ahaan sida ay Maxkamadaha iyo qaab-dhismeedka maamul ee dawladdu isula jaanqadyaan, waxaan shaki ku jirin inay Maxkamaddu sare tahay hay’adda ugu sarraysa ee jidaynaysa Siyaasadda lagu hagayo Adeegyada garsoor ee heer qaran. Martabaddaasina ma aha uun mid ay siisay dabeecadda shaqo ee arrimo garsoorku, balse waa mid dastuuriya oo ku salaysan nidaamka sharci ahaan loogu talogalay inuu u shaqeeyo Garsoorku.

Hadaba intaynaan ka jawaabin, bal inuu dastuurku siiyay Madaxbannaanidii mabda’ ahaaneed iyo shaqo ahaaneed ee uu baahnaa, waa inaynu su’aashaas ku tijaabinnaa Maxkamadda Sare, inagoo eegayna bal awooda dastuuriyeed ee Maxkamadda Sare ay haysato, inagoo bar-bar dhigayna labada Waxood ee dhiggeega ah (Fulinta iyo X/Dajinta). Sababta aynu Maxkamadda Sare ugu horeynaynaana, waa innagoo filayna inay tahay tii ugu sarreysay Maxkamadaha. Sidaa darteedna aynu filayno, inay tahay, tan haysato madaxbannaanida ugu badan, marka laga hadlayo madaxbannaani awoodeed oo ku salaysan sharci.

Maxkamadda sare oo ay ugu maqaam sarreeyaan, Guddoomiyaha, Ku-xigeenka iyo garsoorayaasha kale ee ka hawlgala. Garsoorayaashani dacwadaha dhegaysta ee maxkamaddu, ma haystaan dammaanad xileed oo siisa kalsoonidii iyo dhiiranaantii uu xilka garsoorannimo uga baahnaa. Marka laga reebo, guddoomiyaha oo qudha, Waxay xilheynta garsoorayasha kale ee Maxkamadde sare uu ku xidhanyahay rabitaanka Madaxweynaha (Dastuurka; Qodobka 105/1).

Awoodaha garnaqiseed ee maxkamadda sare, waa mid wada-tashi, oo ay ka go’aan gaadhistoodu ku xidhantahay ugu yaraan saddex garsoore. Hadaba guddoomiyaha, oo ah kan qudha ee xilka-qaadistiisu ay ubaahantahay ogolaanshe Baarlamaan, ayaanay madaxbannaantiisaasi waxba ku filleyn, mar haddii aanu kaligiis lahayn awood go’aaneed. Sidaa darteed, ayaa awooddii dib-u-eegiseed ee ay Maxkamaddu ku saxaysay go’aannada Maxakamadaha hoose u noqotay mid aan ka fayoobaan karin saamayn iyo dano siyaasadeedba .

Marka lagu guuldarreysto farogalinta Maxkamadaha hoose, waxa la fahmey inay Garsoorayaasha Maxkamada sare ay yihiin kuwo ugu nugul  ee la farogalin karo ama saamayn lagu yeelan karo go’aanaddooda. Waxay noqotay Maxkamadda sare, meel ay dhinacyada u galaan olaloyaal badan (lobby). Waxaana culayskaasi saaran Maxkamada ku tusaya, cumaamadaha, suudhadhka (xildhibaanadda, madaxda hay'adaha), wadaadada iyo mukhallasiinta kale ee buux dhaafiyay daaradeeda iyo xafiisyadeeda. 

Waxaanay tani abuurtay inay dacwaduhu noqon waayaan kuwa ku dhammaada gobolladooda, oo ay Rafcaan-qaadashadu noqoto habdhaqan bulsho, oo aanay xataa ka madhnayn xirfadlayaasha sharciyeed (qareenada iyo dacwad-oogayaashuba). Waxaana Maxkamadda sare kusoo rogmada Laago iyo gacamo rafcaano ah oo ka kala yimid dhammaan gobollada Jamhuuriyadda oo dhan, Taasi oo loo aanayn karo dabacsanaanta xeerarka hab-dacwadeedyada lagu maamulo. 

Xeerarkaasi jideeya hab-dacwadeedyada ayay ahayd inay shuruudo adag ku xidhaan rafcaan-qaadashada, qeexaana noocyada rafcaan ee ay Maxkamadda sare dib-u-eegis ku sameyn karto. Waxaanay sharciyadaasi Maxkamadaha Rafcaanada ee Gobollada awood u siin lahaa inay dib-u-eegistoodu soo afjarto geedisocoka dacwadaha qaar, Tusaale ahaan kuwa uu qiimahoogu, ama heer-ciqaabeedkoogu hooseeyo. Waana ayaan darro, in gal-dacwadeed la isku haysto hal mitir oo dhul ah, ama dakhar-fudud (oo gacan ka hadal ka dhashay) uu Rafcaankiisu socdo illaa Maxkamadda dalka ugu sarreysa. Maxkamadd ay galal noocaas ah, kaga mashquusho, darsidda iyo lafaguridda kiisas saameyn dhaqaale, bulsho iyo nabadgalyaba leh. 

Walaw, uu Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare uu dalbaday in la kordhiyo tirada Garsoorayaasha Maxmkamadda sare, markii uu arkay rafcaannadda tirodhaafk ee u rasaysan, hadana ma muuqdo ifafaalo sheegaya inay yaraanayso rasada Rafcaanada iyo saxmadda haysata Maxkamaddu. Waxaanay taasi ku tusaysaa inay mushkiladaha jiraa ay ka ballaadhanyihiin, garsoore yaraan haysatay Maxkamadda, balse ay qeybka tahay ceebo uu leeyahay seeska sharciyeed ee ay Maxkamadda sare iyo garsoorkuba guud ahaan ku dhisanyahay ama uu ku hawlgaloba. 

Tusaale ahaan, Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah, oo qeyb ka ah Maxkamadd Sare, ayaa guud ahaanba la tabayaa doorkii ay ku lahayd ilaalinta iyo taabogalinta xuquuqaha dastuuriga ah ee muwaadiniinta. Waxaanay shaqadii maxkamaddu noqotay mid ku eeg ka garnaqista dacwadaha siyaasadeed ee u dhexeeya Waaxaha dawladda iyo axsaabta siyaasadda. Taasi oo loo aanayn karo, marka laga tago, dammaanad la’aanta xileed ee garsooraysaaha, qabyooyinka sharciyeed ee aan illaa maanta waxba laga qaban.

Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah, oo ah laan garsoor, oo dabeecad ahaan iyo falsafad ahaanba ka duwan Maxkamadd Sare ee Caddaaladda, ayaan guud ahaanba lahayn dhismihii sharciyeed ee qeexeeyay waajibaadkeega, doorkeega garnaqiseed, iyo hannaanka dacwadeed ee ay ku hawlgalayso (Procedural rules), marka ay ka jawaabayso cabashooyinka dastuurig ah ee la xidhiidha go’aamada fulineed ee hay’adaha xukuumadda.

Dib-u-eegista Go’aannada maamul, ee kasoo baxa haya’adaha fulinta, ayaa iyaguna ah, waajib kamida waajibada garsoor ee ay Maxkamadda sare gaarka u leedahay. Maxkamada Sare sidoo kale, malaha waax amma laan gaar ah, oo u xilsaaran dib-u-eegista cabashooyinka la xidhiidha arrimaha maamul (Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions). Waxaana meesha ka maqan hanaankii sharciyeed ee qeexi lahaa hababka loo marayo iyo go'aamada maamul ee looga soo caban karo Maxkamadda 

Dib-u-eegista Rafcaanada Gobolada ayuu doorkii Maxkamadda kusoo ururay, Waxaana la odhan karaa waxaan gabi ahaanba meesha ka muuqan amaba lagu  fashilamay in  hirgaliyo hannaan Garsoor oo dib-u-eegis ku sameeya go’aamada maamul ee cadaaladnimadooda laga soo caban karo, amaba xadgudub ay muwaadiniintu ka tirsan karaan.

Hirgalinta Nidaamkaasi Caddaaladeed ee u dhexeeya Muwaadiniinta iyo Xukuumaddu, wuxuu dawo u noqon lahayd tacaddiyada, xilgudasho la’anta iyo amarku-taaglaynta ay muwaadiniintu adeeg-sugayaasha ahi ay had iyo goor kala kulmaan xafiisyada kala duwan ee Waaxda Fulinta. Waxa adkaan lahaa ku dhaqanka iyo sarraynta sharciga, oo aanay cid gaar ahi si gaar ah uga faa’idaysateen, in kalana aanay ku hoos dulmanaanteen. Haybadda Qarannimo iyo kalsoonida muwaadiniintu ku qabaan awoodda sharcigu leeyahay ayaa kor u qaadmi lahayd.

Maxkamadaha Hoose;

Maxkamadaha Gardhageysiga 1-aad (Gobollada iyo Degmooyinka) iyo Maxkamadaha Rafcaannada ee gobollada, ayaa la isku yidhaahdaa Maxkamadaha hoose, Madaxbaannaanida garsooreed ee maxkamadahan marka aad dooneyso, waa inaad eegto cidda awoodda u leh gardhegaysiga, een ahayn shaqaalaha kale ee Maxkamada ka shaqeeya. Ciddaasina Waa Garsooreyaasha oo ay ka mid yahiin Guddoomiyayaasha maxkamadahan.

Inay Garsooreyaasha maxkamadaha hoose ka madaxbannaan karaan farogalin dibadeed iyo mud gudaha ahba, waxaad ku ogaan kartaa markaad daristo, cidda awoodda u leh maamulista Garsoorka, taasi oo ah Guddida Caddaalada Qaranka ee ku xusan qodobka 107-aad ee Dastuurka JSL.

Waaxaha kale ee dawladda aya xubno ku leh, Guddida caddaaladda, halka uu garsoorayaashu ay ku leeyihiin 3 xubnood oo qudhaata (oo laba kamid ah markiiba la eryi karo amaba aanay lahayn xil muddeysan). Guddidaasi Caddaaladdu ayuu qaabkeeda go’aan-qaadasho uu ku yimaaddaa codbixinta xubnaha ay ka koobantahay. Kuwaasi oo uu go’aankoogu ku ansaxmayo aqlabiyada xubnaha fadhiga ka qeybgalay.

Sida darteed ayaanay magac caabista iyo xilka qaadista, dallacsiinta iyo hoos-u-celinta garsooreyaasha Maxkamadaha hoose, aanay u ahayn arrin u taalla Waaxda Garsoorka oo qudha, balse waa mid u furan saameynta iyo awoodaha farogalineed ee waaxaha kale. Mana jiro awood gaar ah oo ay xubnaha Maxkamadda sare ay dheeryihiin marka ay noqoto ka go’aan-gaadhista arrin ay, Waax ahaan ka leeyihiin xubnaha kale.

Maadaama oo ay garsooreyaashu ay yihiin udub dhexaadka marka la fulinayo Awoodda dastuuriyeed ee ay Waaxdani leedahay. Waxay u dhigmaan, xildhibaannada Goleyaasha baarlamaanka iyo wasiiraada ay ku dhisantahay waaxda fulinta. Sida aanu garsoorku ugu farogalin, waxaahan marka ay go’aan ka qaadanayaan xubnahoogaasi, ayay ahayd in aan Waaxda garsoorka lagu farogalin maamulidda iyo ka go’aan-gaadhista cidda ay u igmaan hawlaha garsoor.

Qodobka 97-aad ee Dastuurka, oo qeexaya mabda'a madaxbannaanaanta Garsoorku kuma filna ilaalinta iyo hirgalinta madaxbannaanidaasi, marka ay sidoo kale jiraan isla qodobo kala oo dastuuriya oo iyaguna caqabad ku ah sidii looga xaqiijin lahaa mabda'aasi qarannimo. Waxaana la rabay inay noqoto madaxbannaanaynta garsoorku mid qeyb ka ah dhuuxa iyo lafta Garsoorka oo ka muuqataa qaabdhismeedka iyo hannaankiisa ismaamul. Caqabdahaasi oo qaab-dhismeedka Guddida Caddaaladu kaw ka yahay ayaa u baahan in dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyo.

Waa in Guddida Caddaaladda laga dhex madhaa, xubnaha laba-xilleyaasha ah (double-roles) ee ka yimid Waaxaha Sharcidajinta iyo Fulinta. Mana noqon karto Waaxda Garsoorku, mid ka fayow Siyaasadda iyo danayaasha isdhaafsan, illaa inta ay ka midka yihiin xubno ka kala yimid Waaxaha Siyaasiga ah ee Dawladda.

Qabyooyinka ka jira xagga Xeerarka

Waxaynu hore usoo sheegnay kaalinta uu dastuurku ku leeyahay caqabadaha hor taagan, sidii loo xaqiijin lahaa Garsoor madax bannaan, oo hagaajisan kara gurigiisa isagoon la kaashan Waaxaha Kale ee Dawladda. Inagoo illaa inta uu Garsoorku yeesho, awood uu iskiis wax iskaga qaban karo, kuna ilaashan karo karaamada iyo kaalinta dastuuriyeed ee uu shacabku siiyay, in aanu waxba ka qaban Karin arrimaha kale ee ka baxsan, ee sharcigu awood u siiyay inuu wax ka qabto.

Sababta aynu ugu bilaabnay dastuurkuna, waa iyadoo oo uu dastuurku yahay Sharciga ugu sareeya, ee ay ku abtirsadaan xeerarka kasoo baxa Goleyaashu. Waxaynu markan eegi karnaa xeerarka lagama maamrmaanka ah ee uu Garsoorku ku hawlgalo, iyo saameynta ay qabyadoodu ku leedahay, madaxbannaantii iyo kartidii adeeg ee looga baahna Maxkamadaha.

Xeerka Nidaamka Garsoorka; 

Xeerka Maamulka Garsoorka, ayaa ah xeerka baarlamaan ee qeexaya awoodaha qaab-dhismeedka Waaxda Garsoorka, Qeybaha Maxkamadda, iyo kala-sarreynta Maamul ee Maxkamadaha. Xeerkan oo laba jeer oo kale duwan uu daraafkiisu kasoo baxay baarlamaanka ayaa labadii jeerba Madaxweynuhu dhaqan-galiyay oo labadiisii nuqulba la faafiyay.

Walaw ay labada nuqul, ay intooda badani isku mid yihiin, ayay qodobada ay ka koobanyihiin ay kala badanyihiin. Xeer lamb 24/2003, waa 49 qodob, halka Xeer lamb 24/04/06 lagu daray qodob dheeriya oo ka maqan xeerkaasi hore, lagana dhigay tirada qodobadiisa 60 qodob. Is bar-baryaaca labadan Xeer ee isku magaca ah, ayaa in badan abuuray jaahwareer sharciyeed, oo saameyn ku yeeshay Nidaamkii maamul ee Maxkamadaha.

Faafinta labadan Xeer ee is ku midka ah, oo ahayd qalad farsamo oo ka dhacay Madaxtooyada, ayaan illaa imika midkoodna la laalin, taasi oo macnaheedu yahay labada xeerba waa dhaqan-gal.

Xeerka Nidaamka Garsoorku kuu doonaba ha ahaadee waa mid qalfoof ahaan u yaalla, oon wax badan ka odhan qaabka ay Maxkamaduhu isku maamulayaan, kiisaska u maaranayaan, Garsooreyaasha loogu kala xilsaarayo (case assignment), loo diiwaangaliyo xukunnada, loo keydinayo garmaqallada, marag-muujinaha, iyo waxyaabaha kale ee lagama maarmaanka u ah gardhegaysiyada.

Ma jiro, xeernidaamiye uu jideeyay xeerkani, oo lagu dhammeystiri karo waxyaabaha uu farsamo ahaan, ama xaalado ahaan uga tagay Xeerka Nidaamku. Waxaanay ahayd inuu xeerkani, kala nidaamiyo Maxkamada gudaheeda, maareeyana habsami-u-socodka iyo dhaqaajinta dacwadaha kale duwan ee laga garnaqo. Isla markaan uu qeexo, qeybiyo, dabagalo waajibaadada shaqo ee ay qabtaan, kaaliyayaasha, diiwaangaliyayaasha, iyo keyd-hayayaasha Maxkamaddu. Sidoo kalana, u fududeeyo hannaanka wada-shaqayneed ee Garsooraha iyo u dhexeeya kaaliyahiisa, sida ay isku hagayaan, iyo waxyaabo mid walba ka reeban ee wax u dhimaya shaqada Maxkamada.

Waxa kale oo meesha ka maqan, doorka ay Guddoomiyayaasha Maxkamaduhu ku leeyihiin, marka la fulinayo hawlaha maamul ee ka baxsan Gardhegeysiga. Hawlahaasi oo qaybka ah adeegyada garsoor ee Maxkamadda, ayaa noqon kara diyaarinta agabyada iyo kharashaadka lagama maarmaanka u ah Garsooridda, sida qalabyada tiknoolajiga ee caddaymaha lagu soo bandhigo, gaadiidka , shiidaalka ku baxaya soo-eegisaha iyo xushmadaynta khabiirada Farsamo ee ay Maxkamaddu uga maarmi weydo xaqiiqo-raadinta ay ku jirto.

Nidaamkaasi lagu diyaarinayo, hawlaha ay Maxkamadu qabanayso, ayaa u baahan in loo maro nidaam rasmiya oo la isla yaqaano, si looga baxsado in musuq-maasuq iyo xidhiidh lala sameeyo dhinacyada dacwadda. Kharashyada la saaro dhinacyada dacwadda oon lahayn heer-qiyaaseed (standard) iyo hab rasmi ah oo daahfuran, ayaa meelka dhac ku ah milgihii Maxkamadda iyo Garsooraha.

Kharash-bixinta iyo fududeynta waxyaabaha loo baahanyahay, oon ahayn masuuliyad saaran dhinacyada, waxay saameyn ku yeelanaysaa hab-dhegeysigii dacwadda, iyadoo ikhtiyaarkii iyo awooddii maxkamadeed gor-gotan galinaysa. Waxaanay taasi ka dhigeysa garsooreyaashii iyo hawlwadeennadii kale ee Maxkamadda, kuwa lasoo kireystay, oo si gaar ah ugu adeegaya dhinacyada is-haya. Waxay sidoo kale waxyeelleyn kartaa maamuuskooga xileed, iyo nabadgelyadooda jidheed iyo nafeeedba. Sidaas darteed ayay tahay, marka ay xilkooda gudanayaan Garsoorayaasha iyo kaaliyayaasaha Maxkamadduba in aanay marti u noqon dad shiciba, oo ay wax waliba kaga iman karaan.

Xeerarka Garsoorku ku Garnaqo

Xeerarka Garsoor ee ay Maxkamaduhu ku qaadaan dacwadaha hor yimaadda waxay u kala baxaan, Xeerarka qeexaya mawduuca laga garnaqayo (substantive laws) iyo kuwa la xidhiidha habka loo marayo caddaalada. Xeerarkaasi kuwa ugu badan ee ay Maxkamaduhu ku shaqeeyaan waa kuwa duug ah oo aan la jaanqaadi Karin isbadallada nololeed, iyo waayaha jira. Xeerarka ugu badan ee ay Maxkamaduhu adeegsadaan waa:

1. Xeerka Ciqaabta Guud

2. Xeerka Habka ciqaabta

3. Xeerka Madaniga

4. Xeerka Habka Madaniga.

Dhammaan xeerarkani waxay u baahanyihiin, in dib loo cusbooneysiiyo, oo lagu sameeyo daraasad iyo dib-u-eegis qoto dheer, si loo waafajiyo Dastuurka Qaranka, Shareecada Islaamka iyo isbadalka tiknoolajiyeed ee dalku ku tallaabsaday.

Tusaale ahaan, faldambiyeedyo badan oo kamida ah xeerka ciqaabta ayaa u baahan in qeexitaannadooda iyo ciqaabahooda la waafajiyo shareecada Islaamka, halka sidoo ay tahay in lagu daro faldambiyeedyo aan jirin waqtigii la sameynayay xeerkan, oo imika soo baxay. Faldambiyeedyadaasi oo ay kamid yihiin, kuwa la xidhiidha Tahriibinta dadka, kuwa mukhaadaraadka, kuwo argagixisada, lacag-meydhista (Money laundering) iyo kuwa tiknoolajiyada iyo isgaadhsiinta casriga ah la xidhiidha ee loo maro nidaamka kombiyuutarada iyo internetka (cyber crimes).

Xeerka Madaniga ah, oo qeexa xuquuqaha iyo waajibaadka ka dhasha wada mucaamilka ganacsiyeed ee bulshada, ayaa isna sidoo kale u baahan in dib-u-habayn lagu sameeyo. Waxa loo baahanyahay in la curiyo xeerkii qeexayay, isla markaana diiwaangalinayay hanti maskaxeedyada bulshada. Maadaamo, oo ay sii kordheyso hal-abuurka dadku, sida qoraalka buugaagta, abwaannimada, shaxaha iyo qorshayaasha injineeradu, iwm, Waxa sidoo kale loo baahanyahay in xeerka diiwaangalinaya Lahaanshiyaha maguurtada iyo la is waafajiyo Qodobada ku jira xeerka Madaniga ah ee ka hadlaya sida loola kala wareegayo mulkiyadaha maguurtada, iwm.

Xeerka habka ciqaabtu oo ah xeer si fiican u qoran, oo isla markaana qodobadiisa lala akhrin karo xeerka ciqaabta, ayaa isna dib-u-eegis u baahan. Waxaana ay tahay in lagu kordhiyo, qaab baadhiseedyada dambiyada la xidhiidha tiknoolajiyada, iyadoo awood loo siinayo haya’daha ku shaqado leh, baadhista iyo dhawrista xogaha gaarka ah ee ku keydsan aaladaha la baadhayo.

Waxaana isla xeerkani habku u baahanyahay, in lagu lifaaqo xeer-nidaamiye ama buug hagaha (Manual Guide) qaababka baadhiseed ee ay hay’adaha baadhistu u gudanayaan waajibaadkooga. Qaababkaasi oo ay kamid tahay, sida ay uga jawaabayaan warbixinaha soo gaadho, ilaalinta goobaha ay faldambiyeedyadu ka dhaceen (crime scene protection), iyo qaababka loo keydinayo xogaha baadhiseed ee laga helo goobahaasi. Tallaabooyinkaasi oo noqon lahaa kuwo lagu maamulo, lagulana socdo hawlaha baadhiseed ee la xidhiidha faldambiyeedyada. Waxaana tani sahli lahayd inay caddaato, waajibaadka iyo masuuliyadaha saaran saldhigyada iyo baadhayaasha ka hawlgala, si loogula xisaabtamo hufnaantooda shaqo iyo qaabka ay u diyaariyeen hawlahooga baadhiseed.

In la helo protokolka baadhiseed ee ay tahay inay ku hawlgalaan saraakiisha u xilsaarani hawlahani, waxay kor u qaadi lahayd awoodda uu garsoorku uu kula xisaabtami karo dambi-baadhista, maadaamo oo ay jiitanka dacwadaha ciqaabta ay kamid tahay, muddada ay qaadato baadhista dacwaduhu. Waxaanay X/Ilaalinta iyo Maxkamadaha u fududaan lahayd, sidii ay u qiimeyn lahaayeen tayada baadhiseed ee ay leeyihiin galalka loo soo gudbiyay.

Xeerarka Lagu Maamulo Garsoorka ( Judicial Administration Acts)

Garsoorayaashu ha noqdaan kuwa ka hawlgala Maxkamadda Sare amaba Maxkamadda Hoosaba, waxay hayaan xil muhiim ah, waxaanay huwanyihiin karaamadii iyo xushmadii sharciga. Ixtiraamka iyo dhawrsanaanta ay leeyihiin ma aha mid ku eeg marka la fadhiyo Hoolka dhegaysiga ee la leeyahay “Mudane Garsoore”, balse waa mid uu ku kasbaday xilka uu qaranka u hayo, intuu hayona Xilkaasi leeyahay.

Sidoo kale garsoorayaashu ma aha malaa’ig, ee waa aadami ku kici kara gafaf xirfadeed, iyo habdhaqan liita oo wax u dhimaya milgihii iyo maamuuskii xileed ee ay ummada u hayeen. Xeer Nidaamiyaha anshax ee dhawaan la sameeyay, ma aha mid guud oo koobsanaya xilalka garsoor guud ahaanba, balse waa mid ku eeg Garsooreyaasha Maxkamadaha hoose iyo Ku xigeennada X/Ilaaliyaasha, amaba inta ay Guddida Caddaaladu awood u leedahay magacaabistooda iyo xilka-qaadistooda. Waxaana ka baxsan Garsooreyaasha Maxkamada Sare oo aynu hore u sheegnay inay xil ahaanba ka nugulyihiin kuwo Maxkamada hoose, kuna filanyihiin dikreeto Madaxweyne oo lagu kala diro.

Xeer Nidaamiyaha anshax marintu, uma yaallo qaab fulineed, wuxuu se u qoranyahay qaab sheeko ah, oo ka kooban qeybo iyo weedho dhaadheer oo aan koobsanaya waajibaadka xirfadeed ee laga rabo Garsooyreyaasha iyo ku xigeennada X/Ilaaliyaasha. Kama hadlayo daah-furnaanta nidaamka dhegaysi ee la siinayo Garsooraha ama X/Ilaaliyaha. Iyo qaabka uu fadhigaasi u dhacayo, inuu lahaanayo dood qoraal iyo nidaam tixraac oo wax lagu go’aamiyo.

Sidoo kale go’aannada xilka qaadista garsooreyaasha uma dhaco mid kal-kaliya, ama ku xidhan kolba garsooraha laga soo gudbisto cabasho iyo caddaymo ku lid a. Balse waxaad arkeysa hal go’aan oo garsooreyaal dhawr ah is raacinaya ereyiddooda, anshax marintooda iyo badalaadoodaba. Taasina waxay ku tuseysaa in aanay xilka-eryidda garsooreyaasha aanay ka madhneyn Saameyn siyaasadeed oo ka timid Kooxeysi ka dhex jiri kara Garsoorka gudihiisa amaba ka baxsan oo ka timid waaxaha kale ee farogalinta ku haya nidaamka Garsoorka.

Shaacinta digniinaha xirfadeed ee loo gudbinayo warbaahintu, iyaduna waa mid liddi ku ah milgaha xirfadeed ee ay garsooreyaasha iyo Ku xigeennada Xeerilaaliyaashu ummada u hayeen. Digniinta koowaad iyo tan labaad ee loo gudbinayo Garsoore ama X/Ilaaliye waa mid qoraal ahaan isaga lagu wargaliyo, laguna socodsiiyo loona feyl-gareeyo, balse ma aha mid ummada lagu socodsiinayo oo warbaahinta iyo jaraaiddada magiciisa lagu faafinayo. Waayo, wali xilkii uu umadda u hayay lagama qaadin, sida darteed ayayna ahayn in ummadda loo qaawiyo ama maamuuska laga xayuubiyo mar haddii Garsooraha ama Dacwad-oogaha wali laga sugayo inuu soo saaro go’aamo saameyn doona xuquuqaha gar-raadiyayaasha.

Sidoo kale waxa wali la tabayaa Xeerkii Hawlgabka Garsooraha iyo X/Ilaaliyaasha in badan qaranka usoo shaqeynayay. Waxay ahayd in la ilaaliyo xuquuqda shaqo ee xilalkan garsoor, maadaama ay yihiin xilal muhiim u ah nabadgelyada iyo dhismaha Qarannimo. Waxaanay xil-hayayaashani Qaranka u galeen godobo badan, waxay xukumaan argagixiso, gacan-ku dhiiglayaal, iyo kuwo badan oo geystay dhagaro badan oo halis ku ah amniga iyo nolosha muwaadiniinta guud ahaan. Sidaas darteed ayaanay ahayn in la iska sii daayo, oo aan la dhawrin xuquuqdooda nololeed marka ay hawl gabaan, balse waxay Qaranka iyo ummaddaba ka mudanyihiin xaqdhawr iyo abaal-celin loo sameeyo.

Miisaaniyadda Garsoorka iyo caqabdaha dhaqaale. 

Maxkamadda sare oo ahayd Qeybta ugu sarreysa garsoorka ayaa doorkeedu wuxuu ahaa mid ku eeg ka garnaqista feylasha ka yimaadda Maxkamadda Hoose. Waxaanay gabi ahaanba ka fara baxday doorkii maamul ee ay ku lahayd Nidaamka Guud ee Garsoorku ku shaqeeyo. Doorkeedaasi oo ahaa jaangoynta Siyaasadda Guud iyo Qorsheyaasha dhaw/fog ee uu Garsoorku ku shaqeyn doono, isagoo higanaya himilooyin cad-cad oo wax ku ool u noqda adeegga ay Maxkamaduhu u hayaan ummadda.

Tani waxay geyeysiisay inuu garsoorku noqdo, Waax dhaqaale ahaan arradan, oon ka kicin halkii uu taagnaa 1991-kii, halka ay Waaxaha kale ee qaranku ay agab ahaan, dhisme ahaan, iyo dad ahaanba horumareen. Waxa jirtey mar aanu baarlamaanku hool lehayn oo ay marti u noqon jireen Garsoorka, Maxkamadd sarena ay fadhigooga ku qabsan jireen, maantana waad arki kartaa faraqa u dhexeeya labadan Waaxood, markaad dusha ka milicsato dhismeyaasha kala-jiidan ee sheedda kaaga soo hirayo, iyo maqsinnada dhagaxa ee dirqi lagu arkayo ee ahaan jirey Maxkamadihii Ingiriiska. Waagaasi Ingiriiska dalku haystay, oo tirada dadweynaha ku nool Magaalooyinka iyo dacwaduhuba aanay meel kaga dhacayn xaqiiqada maanta jirta.

Garsoorka oo saldhig u ah caddaaladda iyo nabadda la rabo inay bulshadu kuwada noolaato, ayaan madax iyo shacaba la hilmaamin doorkeeda marka meelahaas laga hadlayo. Balse markaad waaqaca usoo noqoto, waxaad arkaysaa in aanay Siyaasadaha Qaranku ka dhabsheegaynin Mudnaanta Garsoorka iy Caddaaladda. Waxaana taasi kaaga markhaati ah, miisaaniyadda ama dhaqaalaha loo qoondeeyay Garsoorku inuu ku hawlgalo sannadkii oo heerkeedu aad uga hooseeyo Waxaaha kale ee dhigeega ah. Waxaana  Garsoorka oo ay ku jirto Xeerilaalintu kusoo hagaaga  2.2% Miisaaniyadda Qaranka (Miisaaniyad 2016).

Bal aynu soo qaadanno Miisaaniyaddii sannadkii hore (2016), si aad u fahamto, heerka tixgalinteed ee Garsoorka la siiyay marka jaangoynayo Qorshaha sannadeedka Qaranka. Ma taqaannaa Wasaaradda Xidhiidhka Goleyaasha? Ma sheegi kartaa adeeg toos ah oo ay umadda qabato? Mase rumeysan kartaa haddii lagu yidhaahdo waxay wasaaraddaasi (laga yaabo in aanad arag halka ay ku taallo) ay miisaaniyadda loo qoondeeyay adeeggeegu uu ka badanyahay kan loogu talogalay kharashaadka adeeg ee Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka, Gobollada iyo Rafcaannada dalka oo dhan?

Adeegga Wasaaradda Xidhiidhka waxa loo qoondeeyay kharash sannadeed dhan 812,400,00 SLSH, halka adeegga Maxkamadahaasi dalkoo dhan ka garsoora maalinkasta min degmo illaa Gobol uu yahay 575, 908,800 SL SH. 

Sidoo kale kharashka lagu bixiyo alaabta Maxkamadaha Dalka oo dhan (mid sare iyo kuwo hoosaba) oo ah  1,112,408,800 SL SH waxa ka badan Kabka la siiyo Ururka ama NGO-ga aan dad badani maqlin ee la yidhaahdo Degmo Heritage and Rural Life oo ah 1,500,000,000 SL SH.

Halka sidoo kale Mushaharka loo qoondeeyay Naafada Qaranka oo ah 19,425,369,600 SL SH uu isna  ka badanyahay Miisaaniyadda Maxkamaha ka hawlgala Gobollada dalka oo dhan, oo aanay ku jirin Maxkamadda Sare. 

Hay'adahaasi kooban een soo qaatay dhaqaalaha loo qoondeeyay, oo aan runtii mid kamid ah la bar-bar dhigi karin, kaalinta uu Garsoorku (Maxkamadaha iyo Xeerilaalintu) kaga jiro dhismaha Qaranka iyo taabogalinta Nabadgalyada la doonayo inay bulshada kala hesho, kuna wada noolaato. Mana aha wax lagu qanci karo; marka aad maqasho xukuumad ku doodaysa inay mushkiladda  miisaaniyad yaraanta Garsoorku tahay mid ay sababtay xaaladda dhaqaale ee Dalku, balse aanay ahayn siyaasad xumo xaggeega ah. Waxaana taasi beeninaya shaxda miisaaniyadda iyo  sida loo qoondeeyo Dakhli sannadeedka Qaranka. Waayo waxaad arkaysaa, hay'ado iyo Guddiyo dheeraad ah, oo aan adeegyo toos ah u qaban bulshada, oo loo qoondeeyay dhaqaale aan caqligal ahayn. Halka hay'ado qabta adeegyo asaasiya oon saacad qudha laga maarmaynin, ay ku shaqeeyaan duruufo adag oo  dhaqaale.  

Haddii aynu kusoo noqono xaaladda dhaqaale ee Garsoorka; hore ayaan usoo sheegnay inay tirada faylasha kusoo fatahaya Maxkamadda sare, tirada kooban ee garsooreyaasheeda, iyo halka hool ee ka dhexeeya uu ku tusayo, halka ay taagantahay caqabada agab (facilities) ee uu la ildaranyahay garsoorku. Maqsinnada uu bedkoogu yahay labada mitir, ee laba jibaarani, ee ay Garsooreyaashu ku galaan dhegaysiyadu, ma aha, deegaan ku haboon dhegaysi dacwadeed, oo la doonayay inay u furnaanto dadweyne kasoo qeybgala dhegysiga dacwadda. Waxaana jilbaha iyo gacmaha is lasoo gaadhaya Garsoorayaasha iyo eedaysanayaasha la dacweynayo, taasina waxay khatar ku tahay nabadgalyada jidheed, iyo maamuuskii garsooraha ee fadhiga looga kici jirey. 

Mushaharka garsooruhu ma aha isna mid ku filan, waana mid suququl ku ah garsooreyaasha, Waxaanay sidoo kale Miisaaniyad yaraanta Garsoorku ay caqabad kale ku tahay in la kordhiyo garsoorayaal tababaran oo leh xirfad sharciyeed iyo meelo ay ku hawl galaan . Halka mushaharka garsooreyaasha gobollada ka hawlgalaa uu yahay mid ay si saddex  biloodle ah u qaataan, taasoo caqabad ku ah nolosha garsooraha loo badalo gobol aanu hore u daganaan jirin.

Walaw la sameeyay dadaalo loogu kordhinayay mushaharka Garsoorayaasha intii uu Talada la wareegay Xisbiga Kulmiye, hadana hoos u dhaca qiimaha shilinka Somaliland oo ku dhaw libin laab, ayaa waxoogaagii yaraa ee lagu doodi lahaa in loo kordhiyay ka dhigaya hal bacaad lagu lisay. Waxaana suurtogal ah, haddii loo kuurgalo mustawaha nololeed ee maanta iyo mushaharka ay qaataan Garsooreyaashu; in wax u kordha iska daayoo,  laga yaabo in halkii uu taagnaan jirey ka hooseeyo.

Mana jiro tansiilaad kale ama kabis ay gobollada iyo degmooyinku siiyaan Maxkamadaha ka hawlgala. Mana jiraan maamullada gobollada iyo degmooyinku guryo (accommodation) ay ugu talogaleen Garsooreyaasha iyo Ku xigeennada X/Ilaaliyaasha ee gobolkooga loosoo badalo, umana kireeyaan hoy ay galaan, si ay noloshoodu isku dabooshu. Ma  jirto siyaasad Qaran oo laga yeeshay arrintaasi, taasina waxay kalliftay in Garsoorihii gurigiisa laga badalay, uu kireysto guri kale oo ay shaqadu qasabtay, isagoo dhaqaalaha la siiyaana aanu u qeybsami Karin kiro iyo masaariif.

Talo soo Jeedin

1. Waa in dib-u-habayn lagu sameeyo qaab-dhismkeedka sharciyeed guud ee Garsoorka, iyada oo dib loo eegayo qodobbada dastuur ee khuseeya;

a. Magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista Garsooreyaasha Maxkamadda Sare.

b. Qaab-dhismeedka Guddida Caddaalada (Dastuurka; Qod 107), iyadoo xubnaha laba-xillayaasha ah (double role members) ee ka tirsan Waaxaha Fulinta iyo Baarlamaanka laga saarayo. Laguna beddalayo Xubno lagu xushay waayo-aragnimo sharciyeed, shareeco iyo Dhaqanba. Kuwaasi oo ka madax-bannaan siyaasadda.

2. In la sameeyo Xeerka Wadashaqaynta Wasaaradda Caddaalada iyo Garsoorka ee uu jideeyey Qodobka 106-aad ee Dastuurka.

3. Waa in Qodobka 103-aad Dastuurka, ee Qeexay Xeer Ilaalinta, la sameeyaa Xeerkii X/Ilaalinta Guud ee asaasayay Qaab-dhismeedka hay’ad ahaaneed ee Xafiiska, iyo doorarka siyaasad-dajineed (policy-making) ee uu ku leeyahay, yareynta dambiyada, tiro-koobistooda oo aanu ku ekaan uun Oogistooda. Taasi oo horumarin doonta Siyaasadda Guud ee lagu dajinayo Nidaamka Caddaaladeed ee Ciqaabta Qaranka (National Criminal Justice System).

4. Waa in la sameeyo qeyb cilmi-baadhiseed ama deraasadeed oo si madax-bannaan u derista Halka uu Marayo Adeegga Garsoor iyo Ku Dhaqanka Sharcigu, iyo Caqabadaha hay’adeed (institutional challenges) ee hortaagan ka libkeenista Ujeeddooyinkii loogu talo galay Garsoorka, iyo Sharci-fuliyayaasha ( Law enforcement),

5. Waa in Garsoorka awood u yeesho, ka go’aan gaadhista Miisaaniyaddiisa, iyadoo ay ka qeyb-qaadanayaan Garsooreyaasha iyo X/Ilaaliyayaasha ka hawlgala Maxkamadaha Hoose ee Gobollada dalka, si loo helo xog ururin dhammeystir oo ka tarjumeysa baahiya iyo duruufaha guud ee ku gadaaman adeegyada Garsoor ee ay fidiyaan.

6. In kor loo qaado Mushaharooyinka iyo Gunnooyinka Garsooreyaasha iyo Xeer-Ilaaliyaasha, oo xilal muhiim ah oo joogta ah u haya Qaranka. Taasi oo dhiganta inta ay qaataan xildhibaannada Baarlamaanka ee ay shaqadoodu wakhtiilaha tahay. Waayo maalin qudha ma istaagi karto shaqada Maxkamaddu ama garsooruhu.

7. In la daadejiyo Miisaaniyadda Maxkamadaha Rafcaanada iyo Gobolladu ku hawl-galaan, iyadoo la dejinayo nidaam-xisaabeed, daah-furan, oo xisaab-celin wakhtiyaysan leh. Si ay Maxkamaduhu awood ugu yeeshaan inay helaan Kharash ay ku fuliyaan hawlaha asaasiga ah ee ay shaqadooda ku xidhan tahay.

8. Waa in la badiyo qolalka dhegaysiga ee u qaabeysan una qalabeysan hannaanka lagu yaqaan meelahay Maxkamaduhu ku galaan Dhegaysiyada, si looga baxo fadhiyada dhegaysi ee ka dhaca qolalka yar-yar ee cidhiidhiga ah. Waayo badi  Qolalka ay garsoorayaashu ku galaan dhegaysiyadu, waa qaar uu qaadkoogu yaryahay oon saamaxayn inay dadweyne dhegaystayaal ahi kalasoo qaybgalaan, lana ogaadaan waxa uu meesha kawado Garsooruhu iyo sida uu ilaalinayo dhex-dhexaadnimada dhegaysiga, Qolalkani waxay dirqi ku qaadayaan uun dhinacyada iyo wakiiladooda sharciyeed, iyo maragyada ay khusayso dacwadda meesha lagu hayaa.

Nidaamkeena Garsoorna waa mid ‘xalaal iftiinbaa la qashaaya” oo loogu talogalay inuu ahaado mid la isla arkayo sida uu wax u wado (Not only must Justice be done; it must also be seen to be done). Mid ay tahay inay noqdaan doodaha dhinacyada is-hayaa kuwo u furan dhegeysiga iyo kasoo qeybgalka dadweynaha, oo aan ku ekeyn uun Maxkamadda oo qudha (Qodobada 97,98-aad XHC) iyo (Qod 14,16-aad ICCPR). 

Mana aha in haddii Xafiis-ku-dhegaysigaasi lagu bilaabay sagaashameedyadii, in illaa maanta lalasii haysto oo la qabatimo. Balse waa in la ogaadaa inayna siday wax u socdaan aanay ahayn sidii loogu talogalay in wax lagu dhegaysto. Waa ina lagu darsadaa baahiyaha aan waxba laga qaban ee illaa maanta uu Garsoorku tabayo. Markaasaa la gudo gali karaa, xisaabtana lagu darsan karaa sidii loo hirgalin lahaa  Waana waajib in Laguna arkaa Astaantii iyo Milgihii Maxkamadeed (Standard of Court facility) meeshan lagu muujinayo Sarreynta Sharciga.

9. Waa in la curiyo Xeerkii Hawlgabka Garsoorka, iyadoo si ballaadhan looga qeyb-galinayo Dhinacyada uu khuseeyo.

10. Waa in la curiyo Xeerkii Hawlgabka Garsoorka, iyadoo si ballaadhan looga qeyb-galinayo Dhinacyada uu khuseeyo. Waayo waa laga maarmaan in qofka caddaaladda lagu sugayo, isaga marka hore loo caddaalad sameeyo oon laga hakran wixii qaranku awoodo, iyadoo la tixgalinayo Kaalinta uu Qaranka uu kaga jiro adeeggiisu. Mana aha in laga siiyo mudnaanta kuwo kale, oo aan lahayn culayskani shaqo. Maadaamo, oo ay waaxdani tahay meel siyaasad ahaan dhex-dhexaad ah (politically nonpartisan) oo aan ku lug lahay kooxa kula loolamaya hoggaaminta dalka, waxay Garsoorayaashu noqdeen, kuwo la iska illoobey oonse la illoobi karin shaqaday u hayaan qaranka. Waaxdanina waxay noqotay mid aan cod ku lahayn, oo aanay cidi ku matalin meelaha lagu qaadanayo ama lagu dajinayo Siyaasadaha Maamul ee Dalka lagu hago. Manay yeelan Hannaan Muumul (oo dhaafsiisan Maareynta galdacwadeedyada) sida waaxaha kale hanaqaaday, oo curiyay Siyaasad Guud oo leh bartilmaameedyo ay higsanayso waqtiga dhaw iyo ka foba. Sidaa darteed ayaan soo jeedinayaa in uu Garsoorayaashu iyo dacwadoogayashaabu ay isku baraarujin lahaayeen sidii ay cod  mideysan ugu doonan lahaayeen Xaqooqa hawlgabka oo aaney cid gaar ah ku halleynin, mar haddii ay xaaladda jirtaa tahay “Ninkaan hadlin habartii qadisey”. Waayo markey xuquuqdooda helaan, ayay ciddi kale la dulmeyna xaqooga dooni karaan. 

11. Waa in anshax-marinta iyo la xisaabtamidda Garsooreyaashu marto nidaam rasmiya, daah-furan, oo dhegaysigiisa laga soo qeybgali karo, ka hor intaan la soo saarin go’aamo saameynayaya xilalka Garsooreyaasha iyo Xeer-ilaaliyayaasha. Sidoo kale Nidaamka La Xisaabtanka Garsoorku, waa in aanu ahaan mid u taagan Anshax-marin qudha, balse waa inuu sidoo kalena lahaado abaalmarin. Oo uu lahaada Nidaam Qiimeynaya Shaqada uu Garsooreyaasha iyo Xeerilaalintuba u heyso Qaranka. Taasi oo u baahan in Nidaamka Qiimeyntu uu ka bilaabmo Hannaanka Dib-u-eegisaha ama Rafcaannada ay Maxkamaduhu dib-isugu-eegaan, Taasi oo Xukummada iyo Eedaha u badan ee ay Maxkamaduhu ayiddaan, iyo kuwa nusqaanta sharciyeed iyo xaqiiqo leh ee kasoo baxaba la kala Garto Garsoooryaaha iyo Dacwad-oogayaasha ay inta badan ka kala yimaaddaan. Waana shaqada Maxkamadaha Dib-u-eegista/Rafcaanka (Review courts) oo la filayo inay Ka hawlgalaan Garsooreyaal ka khibrad iyo aqoon badan Maxkamadah Garnaqa leh (Trial Court).

Waana in aanay Maxkamadda Rafcaanku ku ekaan burinta, ayiddida iyo dib-u-celinta go'aammada looga soo cabto uun, balse waxay ahayd:

• inay lahaadaan Nidaam daahfuran oo ay Rikoodhgaraynayaan Go'aamada ugu badan ee laga soo cawdo mawduuca ay u badanyihiin, si loo xaqiijiyo iney cabashooyinkaasi ay salka ku hayaan Goldaloolo sharciyeed oo ka jirta Xeerarka la xidhiidha Mawduuca laga garnaqayo (substantive laws) ama kuwa hannaan dacwadeedyada maamula (procedural laws).
• Tirokoobista Garsooreyaasha iyo Dacwad-oogayaasha inta badan ay jiraan asbaabaha  go'aamadooda lagaga rafcaanqaato, amaba ay Maxkamada Rafcaanku ay u garawdo Rafcaanlayaasha. Tani waxay fududayn lahayd in dib-u-qiimeyn lagu sameeyo heerka aqooneed ee Garsooraha, oo laga yaabo in aanu Qeybtaasi sharciyeed (Specific area/discipline) aqoon badan u lehayn, balse uu kaga fiicnaan lahaa ka garnaqista Eeriya kale oo sharciyeed, iyo inuu Garsooruhu ka badheedho waxyaabaha ay cabashooyinku ka dhasheen.
• Waa in aaney noqon uun Xilkaqaadista iyo hoos-u-celinta, badalidda Garsooruhu/Dacwad-ooguhu mid ku timid cabasho gaar ah oo ka timid gal uu hayay oo dhinac danaynayaa kasoo gudbistay. Waana in aanay tallaabo kasta oo ay Guddida Caddaaladu Qaadaa noqon mid lagu baraarujiyay oo aanay cadho kula dhicin Garsooeyaal/ Dacwad-oogeyaal intay qabteen ay ka badantahay inta laga tirsanayo, iyadoo tallaabooyinkaasi lagu raaligalinayo ciddaasi gaarka ah. Wuxuu se Nidaamkaasi Dib-u-eegistu oo ah hawl si joogta ah u socota, uu abuuri lahaa daaqad laga arko Waxqabadka Garsooraha ama dacwad-oogaha. Waxaana taasi laga fahmi karaa asbaabta Go'aan ee ay Maxkamadda Rafcaanku ku naqdiday go'aankii Garsoorihii garnaqa lahaa, ama go'aankii dacwad-ooguhu uu ku ayiday jiritaanka eedda sharciyeed ee uu soo oogey. Go'aannada Dib-u-eegistuna waxay u baahnaan doonaan Xeeldheerayaal Sharci oo asbaabtooda si cilmeyaysan ugu lafagura una  toosiya tarbiicooyinka ka dhex muuqda go'aanada ka hooseeya.

12. Waa in la joojiyo baahinta digniinaha shaqo ee ay Guddida Caddaaladdu soo saarto, maaddaamo oo ay digniinta shaqo tahay arrin khuseysa cidda loo digayo oo qudha.

DOORASHO AAN DADKEEDII HAYSAN by Garyaq. Maxamed Axmed Cabdi Bacaluul

Dagaalyahan u dhashay Qoomiyada Samburo oo kasoo baxay  goob cobixineed (Credit Cyril Vilemain/Agence France-Press-Getty images).

Ninkan waa Dagaalyahan kasoo jeeda Qabiilka Samburu, Kiiniya (Samburu Warrior) oo kasoo baxaya goob codbixineed. Ma yaqaanno Dawladnimo iyo Direyskaba, manaa aqoonsana awooddeeda, wxuu se garanayaa awoodda reerkiisa iyo warankiisa. Waxa usoo baxay waa inuu u hiiliyo musharrax ay isku beelyihiin, amaba ay beelahoogu isgaashaan buureystaan. Waxa meesha keenay ma aha waajib wadaninimo, mana aaminsana inay codbixintu tahay xaq uu leeyahay, balse wuxuu gudanayaa waajib dhaqan oo ah inuu u hiiliyo, cidday tahay markasta inuu u hiiliyo, xataa codbixinta lafteeda waxa loogu sheegay inay tahay hiilka ugu weyn, mar hadduu ka rabo ninkii hiilkaasi ku lahaa'

Ma garan karo qaabka codkan loo maamulayo iyo sida loo kala xisaabsan doono (biometric technology), amaba inuu sawir-indheedkii, amaba raad-fareedkii laga qaaday uu yahay waxa lagu aqoonsanayo kan uu yahay, ee aanay ahayn warankiisa iyo garaadooyinkan uu ku jeeniqaaranyahay.

Haddii la yidhaahdo codkiibaa la boobey, ma fahmi karo waxa la boobey, sida loo boobey iyo halka laga boobay toona, wuxuu se garan karaa uun, kuwa lagu yidhaahdo "wey boobeen". Ma rabo inuu dhugto sheekada dheer ee warbaahinta ka socota, probagandaha la isdhaafsanayo, iyo kombiyuutarada dafirey xogtii loo dhiibtey, Wuxuu se sugayaa uun, in loo sheego waxa isaga iyo warankiisa looga baahanyahay, si uu kaalintiisa u muujiyo una guto xilkii dhaqan ee lagu soo ababiyay. Haddii la yidhaahdo "codkii waxa boobey kuwii lo'da iyo geela inaga boobi jirey", wuu yaqaannaa wuxuu sameyn doono.

Haddii adhiga, fardaha iyo geela laga boobo lasoo dhicin jirey, ama kuwa u dhigma lagasoo dhici jirey kuwii wax dhacay, maanta ma odhanayo, maxaan soo dhiciyaa oo ay inaga haystaan? Balse jawaabtiisu waa 'Ma kuwiibaa inaga hadhi la'

Kuwaasi' colaaddooda diyaarbuu u ahaa illaa maalintuu dhashay. Ma se garan karo waxay ka haystaan, ama isaga iyo kan ay isku da'da yihiin ee kuwa kale ahi,  ay kala haystaan. Waxa qudha ee uu kuu sheegi karaa, waa wixii lagu yidhi, oo ah 'reer hebel inama ogola'. Haddii laga tagi waayana, waa haddii uu ku yidhaahdo 'awowgay iyo awawgood ayaa islaayay'. Waa wixii lagu yidhi, oo aanu caqli ku darin. Waa cuqdad iyo cillada abtirsiintiisa la socota oo sida aayadaha loogu mariyay. Waa cabsi, jaahwareer, iyo godob aanu garanyn cid uu ka galay, waxan uu la noolyahay ee maankiisa ku wareegaya.

Waa kan iyo kuwo lamida, codbixiyayaasha Doorashadu. Waa kuwan kuwa la leeyahay Dimuqraadiyadbey qeyb ka yihiin. Waana tirada la isku dhaafi doono ee la doonayo in lagu xukumo dal u baahan waxbarasho, caafimaad iyo dhaqaale isbixiya. Codbixiye aan waxba baran, muxuu ka yaqaana waxbarashada dhiman ee la doonayo in la tayeeyo, muxuu ka yaqaan shaqo la'aan, adeegxumo caafimaad iyo waxyaabaha tirada badan ee uu cashuurbixiyuhu la il daranyahay?.

Dumar kasoo jeeda beesha Turkana ee Kiiniya, oo codkooda dhiibanaya (Goran Tomasevic/Reuters)

Muuqaalka Dagaalyahankan feedhaha qaawani, waxay u baahantahay fasiraad ka badan inta ku qoran faalladaydan kooban. Waana ta igu kalliftay in aan is weydiiyo. Su'aalo badan, oo ku saabsan waaqaca iyo wacyiga ku gadaaman nolosheena bulsho iyo siyaasadeedba. Anoo isweydiinaya, codbixyayaasha uu garaadkoogu taaganyahay "awawgaybaa igu yidhi" iyo khuraafaad hore oo laga soo gudbay, kuwaasi codkooga wax ma kaga badali karaan noloshooda iyo tan ubadkooga? Bal isweydii illaa inta aad arkaysay bulshadaada iyo siyaasigeega oo muraayad-haadda eegaya (rearview mirror)? Illaa iyo goorma ayaa laga hadli doonaa uun waxa lasoo maray, een laga  hadlayn wax la mudan doono hadday siday yihiin, wax sii ahaadaan?

By Garyaq, Maxamed Axmed Cabdi Bacaluul. 
(waddi12@gmail.com)