SEEKING VOTES FROM THE VICTIMS OF THE DROUGHT.

SEEKING VOTES FROM THE VICTIMS OF THE DROUGHT.

 By Mohamed Ahmed Abdi Ba’alul.

Mohamed Ahmed Abdi Ba'alul.

All living creatures are looking up the pale sky, pleading for the mercy of Allah, as the South Eastern monsoon winds herald the rainy weather.  Desperate eyes are looking up the sky, expecting to see the fluffy, cotton-like clouds under the blue roof, or to sniff the sweet aroma that introduces the drops of mercy to the barren and brown country. Animals that once produced milk and meat, or promised cash to their fellow pastoralists, are reducing in to fleshless frame of bones.  The fear of oppressive death came to every haggard, down-trodden cow, sheep or goat with looks that tells you that they this time cannot make it anymore.

Emaciated and dehydrated, cows could not hitch up the weight of their rattle bones from the ground; they cast pleading stares to their empty-handed Guys who could not return the favour of the old good days. Though, it was speechless, they had the instinct to understand the sentence of death or farewell from the eyes of the desperate human fellows.

The nature told us, when the sky become pale, the earth becomes pale too. All green pastures that looked like a green-carpeted fields grew in to brown, dust-filled floors. Due to the scorching heat plus absence of moisture, plants sacrificed their stiff, blade-like leaves to the nature. Grasses and weeds edged back to their roots to cope with the harsh conditions of the dryness, or to dodge away from the invading mouths of their predators. The exhausted and sapped earth was left nothing to offer to its dependents. Its surface were crusted, a thin hard crust that hold bare leafless stalks and branches, which are as ugly as the horns of monstrous evils . A crust that when it was broken, the dust forms. Every moving thing lifts dust into air, a walking man makes a layer of dust as high as his waist,  while a vehicle on the dirt road is leaving clouds of dust that will be long to settle back again. As the sky continues to seem like that, the earth had nothing, except plumes of dust and misleading water-like hazes of the Kaleel heat.

As the funerals of starved animals become a daily scene in every region, the nature is now,  starting to ring the bells of death to the humans too. Recently, the first five humans, who regarded themselves as sacred souls, and citizens of this republic have been reported dead as the victims of droughts.  The death of human being is the next thing that everybody with a thinking head could reasonably predict to see at any moment.  Because it was apparent that government  and its NERAD had failed to make us  prepared for the worst, despite of early distress calls. 

It is not a rainy spring, but a political spring. Thirsty and hungry people came out of their huts, whenever a sign of coming dust turned ups from the roads. Later,  brown smog  approached to prove itself as neither winds of rain, nor the water-carrying tankers, but a column of vote-seeking Land-cruisers with presidential nominees, government officers and MPs on their boards.  The sight of these Lad-Cruisers were the feeling of a let-down to the awaiting mob, whom with their perched throats, hardly swallowed the lumps of truth. 

The smell of the hot stinging dust has covered the noses of the help-seeking crowds, as soon as  racing cars came into halt. Men stood, silent with dismay, whereas women had come out from their house, chose to stand beside their husbands this time, but not behind them as usual. Together, they stood shoulder to shoulder to face the front-line of the political mockery.

Poor nomads!  The pure culture of hospitality and values of generosity are what forced them to show a welcoming gesture to their guests; pretending fake smiles and gathered their strength to subdue the furies swelling inside them. They had been providing banquets and serving dishes brimming with the meats of their hardly survived cattle to the suit-wearing fools from Hargiesa. Fools that never had bothered to share their sympathy to the impoverished communities or feel the shame of seeking vote from the help-seekers. These political trippers reminds you the three imbeciles that were traditionally known as  the three Maanlaawe(s); factitious characters of a Somali folklore.

By Mohamed Ahmed Abdi Ba’alul (waddi12@gmail.com),

XORRIYADDA MUWAADINKA IYO XADHIGA KA HORREEYA EED-DHEGEYSIGA; Maxbuusku, ma Baadhis-sugaa mise waa Gar-suge? by Garyaqaan Maxamed Axmed Cabdi Bacaluul(waddi12@gmail.com)

"Qofna xorriyaddiisa loogama qaadi karo, si aan Xeerka waafaqsanayn"  Qod 25(1) Dastuurka JSL.

Garyq. Maxamed Axmed Cabdi Bacaluul. 

Qiimaha nololeed iyo karaamada qofka aadamiga ahiba ma jiri karaan, haddii aanu qofku haysan xorriyad jidheed iyo maskaxeedba. Haddii uu qofku noqdo mid la-haysto, la addoonsado, amaba wal-wal ka qabo sidii uu iskii ugu noolaan lahaa,  isagoon cid kale waxba u dhimin, waxa hubaal ah inay meesha ka bixi doonto xikmaddii iyo dhadhankii ay noloshu lahayd. Iyadoo taasi laga duulayana, waxa muhiim noqotay in la isla meel dhigo waxyaabaha uu qofku ku waayi karo, xorriyaddiisii shaqsiyeed, iyo habka xorriyad-qaadistiisa loo marayaba. 

Qormadani kooban waxaan ku yari eegi doonaa,  habka xorriyad-ka qaadista ee alaaba loo maro xadhigga muwaadiniinta iyo xeeladaha ay Saldhigyada iyo Xarumaha Dambi-baadhistu ay adeegsadaan. Sidoo kale ka madhnaan mayso, qaybta ay ku leedahay goldaloolooyinka ka jiraa nidaam hawleedka Garsoorka, iyo sida aanay xil-weyn iskaga saarin (Xeer-ilaalinta iyo Maxkamaduhu) dhawrista Xorriyadda Muwaadinka. Tanina waa ta keentay inay Saldhigyadu is-dul buuxsamaan, noqdaana meel ay ciddii wax isku sheeganaysaaba ku kala ciil-baxdo, oo qofba, qofkuu ka taag badanyahay saddex askari u soo kaxaysto.

Waxaad arkaysaa, khilaafyo caadiya oo u dhexeeya shaqsiyaad wada-macaamilay, ama isku haysta hanti ay wada/kala lahaayeen oo laga dhigay kiisas ciqaaba,  loona soo xidhay dad shicib ah, iyadoo loo adeegsanayo awood. Waxaad kala garan waayaysaa, mararka qaarkood dacwad-ooge iyo Qareen; dacwad-ooge iyo mukhalas. Nidaamkaaasi is-dhex yaaca ah,  ee aan kala xadaysnayni,  runtii waa mid aan odhan karo; wuxuu sahayday Xorriyaddii iyo Karaamadii Qofka, wuxuuna dadkii ka dhigay in dammaanad-ku-joog ah iyo Saldhig-dhex-joog ah.

Markaad eegto galalka  dacwad-ciqaabeedyada, waxaad arkaysaa inay Warbixin horraadka Bilayska ee eedda lagu dhisay aanay ahayn mid lagu soo helay dedaal baadhiseed, balse ay ahayd; Warbixin-Cabasheedkii ugu horreeyay ee uu Dhibanuhu usoo gudbiyay Saraakaalkii Bilays ee Xilligaasi heeganka ahaa; Ha noqdo Sarkaal Kormeer hawleed ku jira (Patrol Officer) ama mid ku sugnaa Saldhigaba (OP officer). Maragyada meesha ku qoran, badankoodu waa kuwa uu soo tilmaansaday Dhibanuhu, mana aha,  kuwo si madax bannaan lagu soo ogaaday

Waxa iswaydiin mudan, marka ay Xaqiiqada eeddu tahay, mid boqolkiiba sideetan ama Sagaashan,  ku timid, cabasho-saldhigeed oo laga qoray dhibanaha, maragyaduna ay yihiin, kuwii uu dhibanuhu sheegtay, maxuu yahay baadhitaanka la sameeyo ee subax walba muddo-kordhisteeda laga codsadaa Garsoorayaasha? Maxay tahay Xaqiiqo Dhacdeedka hadhsan, ee Xeer-ilaalinta loo sheego in Gun-gaadhkeedii la soo wado?

Waxa is waydiin mudan, waxa keenay,  inay maxaabiistu noqdaan, baadhis-sugayaal, mar haddii ay baadhayaashu u aqoonsadeen inuu yihiin, la-tuhunsanayaasha dhabta ah? Garsoorku ma wuxuu noqday, meel la yidhaahdo noo sii haya qofkasta, inta aanu soo baadhayno; in uu faldambiyeedka loo haysto galay iyo in kale eh? Miyaanay ahayn inay baadhistu ka horrayso xadhigga qofka, oo marka la helo xaqiiqo baadhitaan oo sugan, xaqiiqadaas hordhaceedana (First Information) lagu qanciyo Xeer-ilaalinta iyo Maxkamadda, si uu Garsooruhu, ugu fasaxo soo qabashada la-tuhunsanahaasi?  Waa su’aalo uu jawaabtooda, u baahanyahay muwaadin kasta,  oo usii xidhan, baadhis ku-sheeg aan waxba dambe ku darin ama ka duwin, wixii maalintii hore lagu soo xidhay. 

In la helo jawaabahaasi, waa kuwa, haddii aanad  xataa waxba ka qaban karin, uu damiirku kugu qasbayo, inaad ugu yaraan wax ka tidhaahdo. Sababtoo ah, jawaabahani kama qaalisana, xorriyadda Muwaadinka; xorriyadda maxbuuska bahdilan ee haddaan cidi daba-socon, aan hubno inay maalinwalba cadaaladda sii kala durkayaan. Waa su’aalo, inteenna sharci-yaqaannada isku taqaannaa, ay jawaabtooda ku ogyihiin Xeerka iyo xaashiyiihsa.

Xeerka ayaa ka jawaabaya, culayska iyo dhawrsanaanta ay leedahay Xorriyadda Muwaadinku. Mabda’iisa guudna, wuxuu sheegayaa inay tahay, wax lagu waayi karo uun Amar Garsoore. Marka laga reebo, xaalado kooban oo ay xorriyad-ka qaadista u baahantahay go’aan deg-deg ah mooyaane; sida qofka oo la qabto isagoo faldambiyeedka gacanta kula jira (in flagrante delicto), amma soo qabashada qof baxsad ah,  oo loo tuhmayo fal-geysasho ama maxbuus fakada  (hot pursuit).  Haddii ay haddaba dhacdo, si kastaba ha ku timaaddee in  qofka laga qaado,  xorriyadda dhaq-dhaqaaq ee uu xaqa u lahaa; waxa Maxkamadda laga rabaa inay baadho, sida ay qofkaasi looga qaaday xaqiisaasi, ka hor intaanay eegin  waxa qofkaasi lagu haysto.

 Waayo, Garsooraha, uma cadda wali waxa qofkan loo haysto, balse xadhigga maxbuuska ayaa horta u cad; markaas waxa la gudboon, in uu ogaado, habka loo maray xadhigiisa (wixii la doonaba ha lagu haystee). Waayo maaha in cidda wax eedaynaysaa, ay iyada lafteedu jabiso, xeerkay wax ku eedaynaysay. Haddii ay sidaasi dhacdana,  eedaysanaha laftiisa, ayaa dhibane noqonaya oo lagu xad-gudbay Xuquuqdiisii. Maxkamaddana, waxa u hor caddaan kara, waa Xeer-jabinta la sameeyay markii maxbuuskaasi laga qaadayay Xorriyadda. Sidaa darteed, waa in uu Garsoorahu, bartaasi ku go’aamiyaa Sii-daynta maxbuuska. mar haddii  dhankii lahaa, xeerbuu jabiyay uu isaga laftiisiiba jabiyay xeerkii. Mana jirto, cid ruqsad u haysata,  xataa Garsoorahana dhahoo inay jabiso Xeerka.

Mabda’a Garsoorka ayaa sheegaya, in aan,  eedaysanaha loo aqoonsan dambiile, sababtoo ah, waxa wada Bilays. Taasi oo si dadban kuu tusaysaa, in aanu qofkasta oo ku labisan dirays ama dacwad-ooge ahi, isna loo arkin Mala’iig aan waxba masabidin. Sidaa darteed, waa in aanu Garsooruhu isku arkin mid u  fadhiya, ka go’aan-gaadhista, xaashida eedda iyo codsiyada xadhig-kordhinta ah ee ka yimaadda, bilayska. Balse, waxa ka horreeya in uu tixgaliyo, Xuquuq laawahan, hortiisa jooga, sida lagu horkeenay, sida loo soo xidhay inay xeerka waafaqsanayd iyo in kale, sida loola dhaqmay intuu xidhnaa, dhex-dhexaadnimada ciddaa xadhay iwm.

Xeerka ayaa sheegay, inay Xorriyaddu ka qaalisantahay, in  la yidhaahdo, ha ii xidhnaado qofku, intaan baadhayo amma  aan usoo gacan-baxayo eedayntiisa.Waxaanu Xeerku diiday,  xil-fudaydsi iyo qiil la’aan badheedha awgeed, in ay baadhistu dib-ugu-dhacdo (Qodobka 26aad XHC). Haddii ay jiraan sababo macquulo oo ka baxsan awoodda baadhahana, kuwaasi oo keenay daahistaasi, waxa awaajib ku ah in uu warbixintiisa hore ku daro. Garsooraha ayayna tahay, in uu miisaamo xaaladaha ku gadaaman kiiskaasi, iyo waqtiga xorriyad laawahaasi la haystay amma la doonayo in la haysto iyadoon lala garnaqsan ( Qodobka 39/3, XHC ).  Maaha in qofka xorriyad laawaha ah, lala sugo inta ay dhacayaan 48 saacadood ee qofka lahaysan karo Maxkamad la’anta, iyadoo 3-da saacadood ee ugu horreeyaba la hor-gayn karo. Garsooruhuna maaha, in haddii ay askartu dhayalsato, 48 saacadood ee qofku xorriyad-laawaha ahaa, in uu isna dhayalsado oo uu arko, waxay xaq u lahaayeen inay sameeyeen. Balse waa in la eegaa, bal inay 48-ka saacadood, ay ahaayeen kuwo ku filan oo lagu dhammayn karayay, iyo in aanay ahayn.

Haddii aan 48-kaasi saacadood, ay la koobantahay cidda laydha joogta ee xorriyadoodii haysata, lama fududa qofka xorriyaddiisii iyo karaamadiisii laga qaaday. Sidaasi darteed, haddii aan si adag loo darsin, oo aan lagula xisaabtamin bilayska iyo dacwad-oogista, waxay qabanayeen labadaasi cisho ee, qofku xidhnaa, waxay abuuraysaa in uu xil-fudaydsigoogu noqdo habdhaqan joogto ah, oo aanay wal-wal ku hayn Maxkamadda iyo qofkan uu xorriyaddiisii ka qaadayba. Waxay keenaysaa, isku-hallayn laga qabo Maxkamadda daraadeed, in qofkasta oon caddaymo sugan loo haysan ama la wanjalayoba,  si fudud la iskaga xidho.

Waxa dhici karta, in la iska kaa xidho[i], iyadoo oo ay ujeedadubta tahay, inaad xidhnaato 48-kaasi saacadood; Tusaale ahaan, kaba soo qaad in xadhigaasi,  loo sameeyay si lagaaga carqaladeeyo, hawl-ku socoto,  shaqo,  ama ballan muddaysan ood lahayd.; Markaasi maxay ku taraysaa, 48-ka saacadood kadib,  haddii xorriyaddaadii laguu celiyo? Sii-daynta Maxkamaddu ma daw-marinbaa, Xorriyad-u-celintu ma magdhawbaa? Misa xorriyadu, waa Xaq aad lahayd, leedahay,  lahaanna doonto? Miyaanay Maxkamaddu lahayn awood, ay labada dhinacba tallaabo kaga qaadi karto, misa maxbuuska uunbay ka adagtahay?Hadii ayna sidaasi dhici karinna, maxay tahay Xikmadda gard-qaadista Maxkamaduhu?

Waxa suurtogal ah, in uu miisaanku, u ciiro, dhinaca wax soo xidhay. Maxkamaduna ay ka  garawdo, daraasad ay ku samaysay kadib, duruufaha ku xeeran dhacdo-dambiyeedka, iyadoo ka duulasa waqtiga la haystayna , ay is-waydiiso; waxa la qabtay, waxa qabyada, waxa ku waajib ah inay samayso qaraar Maxkamadeed oo sababaysan. Qaraarkaasi oo ay sii-haynta maxbuuskaasi ku sii fasaxayso, ayay tahay inay ku sheegto, waxyaabaha qabyado ah, ee laga rabo inay dambi-baadhista ama xeer-ilaalintu keento maalmahaasi uu qofku bilaa xorriyadda yahay (Qod. 46/b XHC)[ii].

Qaabka Horgaynta ee loo xalaalaysto sii-haynta maxbuusku, inta ka horraysa eed-dhagaysiga, maaha in uu noqdo qaab illaa xad dabacsan, oo ay Saldhigyadu isku-hallayn kasii qabaan. Mana aha, in markay muddadii hore dhacdo, iyadoon wax tallaabooyin ah oo dheeraad la qaadin, in subax-walba Garsoore kale oon ahayn kii maxbuus-haynta oggalaaday, laga samaysto muddo kordhin kale[iii]. Xorriyadda, maxbuuskuna, way ka qaalisan tahay, saxeex yar oo garsooruhu jaldigiisa dusha kaga duugo, oo qofka sii-haysashadiisa lagu bannaysto. Saxeexaasi,  sidoo kale, wuxuu meel-ka-dhac ku yahay Milgihii Garoorka, madaamo oo aanu wadan Sumaddii, shaambadii iyo faah-faahintii go’aankaasi (sababayntii ogolaanshaha muddo kordhinta, iyo amridda caddaymaha la keenayo).Sidoo kalena waxa uu meesha ka saarayaa, daah-furnaantii laga rabay qaraaradda Garsoorka, sababtoo, saxeexaasi kama tarjumayo qaraar maxkamadeed oo leh tixraac iyo diwaan-galin arkiifiyo oo hadhaw lagula xisaabtami karo ciddii soo saartay.

Mar aan Garsoore waydiiyay, sababta jaldi-ku-saxeexistu looga gudbi waayay, iyadoo maanta ay Maxkamadu leedahay xafiisyo qalabaysan oo daabici kara foomam rasmiya; jawaabtiisu waxay ahayd “lagama gaadhsiin karo in la sameeyo qaraar daabacan”.

“Lagama gaadhsiin karo”, waa jawaab u fudud, sida uu saxeexuba u fududyahay. Waxaanay ku tusaysaa, sida aan waligeedba, loogu hamiyin, in wax laga badalo qaabka, uu Nidaamka Garsoorku u hawl galo:  Ma dhawrka daqiiqadood ee la soo saarayo qaraar daabacan, ayaa ka culus maalmaha, aad  Garsoore go’aamin doonto,  xorriyad la’aanta maxbuus,  eed-suge ah? Miyaanu saxeexaas deg-degga ahi ahayn ee galka dushiisu, ka dhignayn igaga celi waxanoo maxaabiis ah saldhigoogii, oo hawada ii fura?Maxaad ku sababaysay, maxaase mudadii hore ee uu maxbuusku xidhnaa la sameeyay, misa halkiiba lagama dhaqaaqin? Ma sheegay saxeexaagu Garsoore? Waa Maya!

Maalin kasta oo qofku u xidhanyahay, oo laleeyahay baadhis ayaa la wadaa, waxa la rabaa in la ogaado tallaabooyinkii la qaaday oo si cad u xusan. Waayo maalin kasta, oo qofka maxbuuska ah, ay Xorriyaddiisu ka maqantahay, iyadoon waxba lagu caddaynin, waxay ku tahay xad-gudub.  Haddii aanay jirin hawl-baadhiseed,  oo la wadaana kaba sii daran. Si taas looga hortagana, waxa xeerku jideeynayaa Daah-furnaanta Nidaamka Dambi Baadhista. Qodobka 25aad, ee Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ayaa dhigaya; inay hawlaha baadhistu, iyo tallaabooyinka la qaaday ay noqdaan, kuwa ku faah-faahsan, oo ka  muuqda Jadwal-maalmeedka Baadhista  (Diary of Investigation) laga bilaabo saacadda koowaad illaa saacadda ugu dambaysa ee baadhista lasoo afmeerayo.

 Jadwal-maalmeedkaasi, waa foorm rasmiya oo xambaarsan,  saxeexa taliyaha, iyo Shaambadda Saldhigga, iyo ciddii sida gaarka ah, ugu xilsaarnayd hawlaha baadhitaan. Waana kan, ay Maxkamaddu iyo Xeer-ilaalintuba ay kula socon karaa, kolba halka ay marayaan hawlaha baadhitaan, iyo waxyaabaha kusoo kordhiyay. Kana dheehan karaan, waxa uu ku maqnaa baadhuhu maalin kastoo oo uu maxbuuskani bilaa xorriyad ahaa.  Xil ma la iska saaray dhaqan-galinta Qodobkan? Jawaabtu waa maya;  Haddii aan lagu dhaqmin, yaa ka masuul ah, xil-dhayalsigaasi? Jawaabta waa la garanayaa, doqonna loo sheegi maayo !

Tixraac

---

[i] Eeg Qodobka 32aad XHC, oo dhigaya in Qodobada Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ee ilaalinaya Xorriyadda Qofka, iyo Siyaabaha looga qaadi karo, ay tahay Waajib Saaran Maxkamadda guud ahaan, gaar ahaanna, Garsooraha la horkeenay.  Qodobkuna wuxuu u qoranyahay sidan “Provision relating to Arrest to be strictly Observed”. Faqrada 2aad ee Qodobku sidoo kale wuxuu sheegayaa, in uu Garsooruhu awood u leeyahay uu tallaabo kaga qaado, haddii ay cidda xorriyad-ka-qaadistaasi maxbuuska samaysay, ay ku xad-gudubtay ama iyadoon la haysan sababo macquula, waqtigii sharcigu dhigayay lagu keeni waayo hor-keenistaasi Maxkamadda.

[ii]  Qodobka 46aad, xarafkiisa (b) ayaa sheegaya in aanu noqon  amarka sii-haynta (maxbuuska) mid bilaa shuruudo ah oo aan sabab-lahayn. Balse waa in uu amarkaasi uu  dhinaca eedda wata ( Bilays, Xeer-ilaalin) faraa inay waqtigaasi la siiyay gudahood ku dhammaystaan wixii ka qabyo ah, haddii ay u hogaansami waayaana u sheegaa tallaabooyinka ay Maxkamaddu qaadi doonto.

[iii] Qodobka 47aad. Faqradiisa 3aad ayaa sheegaysa, in garsoorihii bixiyay amarka rumaan-garaynta (haynta la-tuhunsanaha inta  horraysa,  eed-dhagaysiga) ayaa la horkeenayaa maxbuuska,7-dii cishoba maalin, si uu u eego oo ula socda, waxa todobadaasi cisho lasoo qabtay, iyo wax wali qabyada ka ah, hawlahii baadhiseed ee qofkani loo sii haystay. Mana aha in kolba Garsoore kale oo aan ahayn kaasi , la horgeeyo la-tuhunsanaha, iyadoo loo dhigayo xadhig cusub amma arrin cusub. Afka ingiriisiga ee xeerkani laga soo tarjumayay wuxuu faqradda 3aad,  kalmada  (the) ka horraysiinaya, kalmada Garsoore (Judge); taasoo ku tusaysa in uu Garsoorahaasi yahay ka ku xusan faqradaha ka horeeyay , oo ah Garsoorihii bixiyay amarka sii-hayntaasi, waayo kaasi ayuunbaa og sababta uu amarkaasi u bixiyay, isla markaana ay tahay in uu la socdo halkay kolba wax marayaan. Marka ay weedha sharci tahay mid guud oo aanay sheegayn Garsoore gaar ah, waxay u taallaa qoraal ahaan ( a judge or a competent judge).

QAAB-QORAALKA XUKUNNADA GARSOORKA, IYO SIYAABAHA AY TAHAY IN UU GARSOORKU USOO BANDHIGO ARAGTIDIISA (Judicial Opinion). by Garyaq. Mohamed Ahmed Abdi Ba’alul.

Garyaq. Maxamed Axmed Cabdi Bacaluul.

1. Hordhaca Xukumka

Ujeedada loo samaynayo warbixinta hordhaca ahi waa inay Maxkamaddu kusoo dhawayso akhristaha, waxay ku saabsansantahay dacwaddan, ay ka garnaqday, ka hor intaanay gudo-galin sababaynta go’aankeeda. Warbixintani waa mid, u qoran si kooban, oon faah-faahin iyo sharraxaado dheeraad ahi, aanay la socon. Waana in uu hordhaca xukunka laga helaa qodobadan;

     A) Dhinacyada dacwada; waa in si dhammaystiran loo caddeeyaa shaqsiyadda dhinacyada, haddii aan lagu xusin hordhacana, waa in lagu xusaa qaybaha hore ee aragtida Garsooraha, iyada la sheegayo magacyadooda, tiradooda iwm. Tilmaamaha lagu xuso ee lagu garanayo dhinac kasta,  waa in si joogta ah loogu adeegsadaa gabi ahaanba qoraalka,  oo aan la bad-badalin. Adeegsiga tilmaamaha sharci, sida "rafcaanleh" iyo "rafcaansane"  kuwaasi oo aan,  lagu jahwareero , gaar ahaan markay dhincyada dacwaddu badanyihiin. 

 b) Awoodda ka garnaqiseed iyo habraaca-sharci ee la xidhiidha; Waa inay maxkamaddu sheegtaa, inay awood sharciyeed u lahayd ka garnaqista dacwadda (basis for jurisdiction) ka hor intaanay guda galin ka warbixinta habdhagaysiga iyo doodaha dhinacyada, sidoo kalana waa inay si hordhaca ugu warrantaa sifaha ay dacwadani ku timid Maxkamadda.

 C)Arrinta ama arrimaha laga garnaqayo; Arrinta la isku hayo ee ay tahay inay Maxkamaddu ka go'aan gaadho, waa in iyadana la xaqiijiyaa waxay tahay, isla markaana si kooban loo qoraa. haddii aanay arrintaasi ama arrimahaasi aanay ahayn kuwa murugsan ama adag oo u baahan sharraxaad iyo faah-faahin dheeraada. Marka ay arrinta dooddu ka taagantahay ee ay dhinacyadu isku hayaan aanay ahayn kuwa fudud, waxa lagaga hadli karaa qayb-gaara.

Hordhac kooban oo laga bixiyo dulucda dacwaddu, wuxuu waqtiga u madhxinayaa akhristayaasha. Mararka qaar ayay Maxkamaddu si kooban uga warbixisaa go'aan ka ay gaadhay, iyadoo xagga dambe ku faafinaysa asbaabta, halka ay  Garsoorayaasha qaarna,  ay jeclaystaan,  inay go'aankooda xagga dambe ku sheegaan.

2. Xusidda Dulucda Dacwada ama Arrinta la isku-hayo ee laga garnaqay (Statement of the fact in issue);

Xusidda ama ka warbixinta waxay ay tahay,  dulucda dacwaddu , waxay u sahlaysaa akhristaha in uu fahmo aragtida  Garooraha.  Hadaba sida loo xaddidayo arrinta,  ay dooddu ka taagantahay ee la isku hayo, waxa ay ku imanaysaa iyada oo la iswaydiinayo waxay tahay xaqiiqada dhabta ama dhacdada ugu muhiimsan ee la isku diidanyahay, iyo wuxuu yahay,  mabadi'da sharciyeed ee lagu maaraynayaa ama loo marayo ka garnaqisteeda (Substantive Law)[1].

Waxa Dulucda Dacwadda ama arrinta ay dhinacyadu isku diidanyihiin xaqiiqadeeda, loo soo dhigaa qaab su’aaleed, marka la qorayo Xukunka Dacwadda. Tusaale ahaan;

Waxay Maxkamaddu ka garnaqaysa bal inay  jiro heshiis wakaaladeed oo dhexmaray  Mr X. (dacwoodaha) iyo Mr Y (dacweysanaha) ?

Ama

Waxay Maxkamaddu bal eegaysaa in uu jiro faldambiyeed budh-cadnimo ah iyo inkale? Haddii uu faldambiyeedkaasi dhacayna, in uu Eedaysan Mr D, uu yahay kii geystay iyo in kale?

 Garsoorayaashu uma afduubna soo-jeedimaha ama lafa-gurista ay soo jeediyaan  Qareenada kala matala dhinacyada, dacwad-oogayaasha ama bilayska, balse waxay sugaan nuxurka dacwadda sida ay iyagu u arkaan, marka ay ka baaraandagaan ee ay wax uga baxaan xaqiiqooyinka/dhacdooyinka iyo xaaladaha ku xeeran qoraal-dacwadeedyada (Pleadings),  ay dhinacyadu usoo gudbiyeen.  Waxaana haboon, in haddii ay jiraan Wakiilo sharciyeed, ay garsooraha ka caawiyaan sida,  ay tahay xaqiiqada la isku diidanyahay, ee u baahan in go’aan garsoor laga soo saaro.

 Marka ay  Maxkamaddu qaaddo,  tallaabooyinka,  ay ku xaddido mawduuca dacwaddu, waa marxaladda ka horraysa Fadhiga Koowaad ee Dhagaysiga Dacwadda. Marxalladani, waa wakhtiga ugu horreeya, ee ay Maxkamaddu yeedhmadeeda ku qaraariso inay dhinacyadu horyimaadaan. Marka uu Mawduucu yahay Madani, Marxalada ka horraysa Dhagaysigu, waa Marxaladda, is-horkeenidda dhinacyada iyo ka go’aan-gaadhista ansaxnimadda waxa la isu-sheeganayo iyo inkale. Waxaana afka qalaad lagu yidhaahdaa (Periliminary Examination of Parties and the Settlement of issues).

Qodobka 132aad, ee Xeerka Habka Madaniga,  ayaa sheegaya marka uu galku heerkani marayo, ee ay Maxkamaddu ka go’aangaadhayso inay cabashada horteeda taallaa tahay, mid sharci ahaan iyo xaqiiqo ahaanba laga garnaqi karo iyo inkale. Haddii ay tahay wax laga garnaqi karana, waxa uu yahay mawduuceedu, si ay, dhinacyada ugu hagto, waxyaabaha looga baahanyahay, ee dib-u-isixid qoraal ah, ama caddaymo ah[2].

Ka warbixinta dulucda dacwaddu, waa in uu noqdaa mid kooban. In kastoo arrinta ay  dhinacyadu isku diidanyihiin,  loo kala jajabin karo mid iyo laba, hadana waxa jiri kara dacwad murugsan oo koobsan karta arrimo badan oo dhawra oo is huwan. Xaaladaasi dambana, waxay keensan kartaa in la kala guro arrimahaasi oo lagu kale sheego duluco kala madaxbannaan (Separate issues in one case).

Hadaba ka warbixinta duluc-dacwadeedka, ama su'aasha taagan ee laga garnaqayo waxay ka hordhici kartaa ama ka dab-dhici  kartaa,  ka warbixinta dhacda-xaqiiqeedka (statement of facts). In si gaar ah loo sheego arrintay dooddu ka taagantahay ee laga garnaqayo, akhristaha macno-weyn ayay u samaynaysaa, waxaanay ku hagaysaa in uu hoos ugu sii dhaadhaco dacwadda, siina odoroso,  heearka ay dacwaddu mari doonto, waxyaabaha la gudboon dhinacyada iyo xaqiiqooyinka u baahnaan doona in la caddeeyo.

Waxa se iman Kara, xaalado ka duwan sidaasi aynu hore ku sheegnay. Waxa jiri kara dacwado ay adagtahay in la sheego uun waxa laga garnaqayo, iyadoon marka hore akhristaha looga warramin ama wax fikrad ah laga siin xaqiiqada dacwadda. Tusaale ahaan waxay tani iman kartaa marka uu waxa laga garnaqo ee la isku diidanyahay uu yahay,  hannaanka dacwad-qaadista (procedural), sidaa darteedna lama fahmi karo, iyadoon la sheegin sidii,  ay markeedii hore ku timid dooddu (setting).

3. Ka Warbixinta Xaqiiqada/Dhacdada ay Dacwaddu ku saabsantahay (Statement of the Facts of the case):

Dacwadda ay dooddeedu iskugu biyo shubanayso hal nuxur-dacwadeed, xaqiiqadeeda waxa meel hore lagaga sheegi karaa aragtida Garsooraha. Balse marka ay  soo baxaan ama lasoo gudbiyo arrimo dhawr ah oo taxan, dhacdo-xaqiiqeedyadu waxa noqon karaan kuwo midiba  ay mid kale ku xidhantahay . Dhacdooyin ama xaqiiqooyinka qaarna,  waxay noqon karaan kuwa,  usii kala dhaw-dhaw dulucda dacwadda.  Xaaladdani waxay ku kallifaysaa garsooraha in uu kala haadiyo xaqiiqooyinka hor daadsan, ugana baaraan-dago sidii xaqiiqooyin ku filan uu , ugu bilaabi lahaa soo gudbinta warbixintiisa, si ay aragtidiisu u noqoto mid si fudud loo fahmi karo.

Warbixintan hordhaca ahi, waxay hadhaw ka furataa,  in uu kusoo cel-celiyo sharraxaaddo dheeri ah, marka uu ka hadlayo qeybo hoos yimaadda dulucda dacwadda, oo si gaar  ah,  ugu sii baahan in loo sii fahmo.  Xaaladahan oo kale,  xaqiiqooyinka bar-bilawga ah,  waxa lagu xaddidi karaa Hordhaca Xukunka, iyadoo dhacdooyinka ama xaqiiqooyinka ay tahay in si gaar ah looga go’aanka gaadhana, lala hadhi doono, si hadhawto loogu ladho lafa-gurka dulucda ama nuxur-doodeedka ay xambaarsanyihiin.

Xaqiiqada  lagama maarmaanka[3] ah,  ee iftiiminaysa go’aanka Maxkamadda, oo qudhaata ayaa lasoo qaadanayaa, inkastoo siday xaqiiqooyinku ugu kala mihiimsanyihiin go’aanka,  ay noqon karto arrin  ay akhristayaashu ku kala duwanaan karaan.  Qaraar maxkamadeedka lagu soo af-meeray asbaabta xukunka, iyo qodobada lagu saleeyayna ma noqonayaan wax si mug leh u tilmaamaya,  daah-furnaanta hanaanka ka garnaqiseed,  ee la xidhiidha dacwadda, haddii aan la sheegin jidkii loo soo maray, iyo asbaabihii lagu keenay qaraarka xukun.  Xaqiiqooyinka Guud (Background facts) ee dacwaddu, waxay noqon karaan kuwo waxka tari karaa soo-koobidda nuxurka go’aan ee Maxkamadda iyo sharixidda asbaabta iyo macquulnimadda uu ku dhisanyahay qaraarkeedu.

Faah-faahinta, ka bad-badiska ah[4], ee xaqiiqooyinka lagu naax-naaxiyaa, waxay sababtaa marin-habaabin. Tusaale ahaan, taariikhda dhacadadu (dates), waxay abuurtaa jaah-wareerin, sidaa darteedna, waa in aan lagu cel-celin qoraalka, haddii aanay lagama maarmaan u ahayn go’aanka,  ama aanu akhristaha fahamsiinayn asbaabtii go’aanka. Si kale haddii loo sheegana, in loo diyaariyo qoraalka hab-weedheed fudud, oo koob-koobani (brevity and simplicity),  waa qaab la doorbido. Waxa kale oo ay tahay, in uu Garsooruhu siiyo mudnaanta,  dhammaystirnaan iyo dhex-dhexaadnimada afka uu ku qoranyahay Xukunku.

Garsoorayaasha qaar ayaa, adeegsada xaqiiqooyin, aan saamayn ku lahayn ama muhiim u ahayn go’aanka, kuwaasi oo midabeeya, ama buun-buuniya qoraalkooda. Sida Garsoore qoraalkiisa ku dara weedh sidan u taalla “Arrintaasi aad ayay nooga yaabisay”, halka laga yaabo, inay Garsoorayaasha qaarna, ay iska baadh-baadhaan farshaxannimo qoraaleed, si ay usoo jiitaan akhristayaasha. Hadaba faallooyinkaasi dheeraadka ah, ama xaqiiqooyinkaasi dul-socodka ahi, waa kuwo halis ah, oo abuuri kara, faham qaldan, sida akhristaha, oo isku qanciya, inay waxyaabahaasi yihiin qaar ka mida asbaabta laga soo dhiraan-dhiriyay xukunka Maxkamadda.

4. Lafa-gurka iyo Isku-Jaangoynta Xaqiiqada iyo Xeerka (Applying Rules to the Facts);

Xeerka iyo qodobka sharci waa halbeegga ama qalabka lagu tijaabinayo bal inay jirto arrinta doodu ka taagantahay ee ay dhinacyadu isku hayaan iyo in kale[5].  Waa inay Maxkamaddu qodobka ka hadlisaa,  isla markaana u kala jajabisaa tiirarka uu ka koobanyahay si ay u lafa-gurto marka ay ku gudo-jirta sababaynta Mawqifkeeda. Waana inay Maxkamaddu si fiican u qeexdaa bal inay Qodobka sharci iyo isleeyihiin xaqiiqada dacwadda ee ay dooddu ka taagantahay. Si aad taas u samaysana, waxa Maxkamadda looga baahanyahay inay ka hadasho mabda’a guud ee Qodobku ku dhisanyahay, balse aanay durba kuu boodin gaba-gabada. Tusaale ahaan;

“ Wakaaladdu waa xidhiidh sharci oo ka dhasha marka uu jiro heshiis u dhexeeya wakiisha iyo muwakalka, kaasi oo dhigaya in uu Muwakilku  guto waajibaadka u igmado wakiishuhu, una guto si ay faaido u leh wakiishaha, Sidoo kalana muwakilku wuxuu xaq ugu yeelan doonaa wakiishaha abaalmarin-dhaqaale ama khidmad uu ku fuliyo hawlahaasi, haddii aanay wakaaladdu ahayn mid bilaash ah……”

Waa sidaasi lafa-gurka sharci, marka arrinta la isku hayaa ay tahay oo kale wakaalad. Waxaad soo qaadanaysa Qodobka 607aad ee Xeerka Madaniga ah. Oo dhigaya in uu meesha jiro;

Heshiis u dhexeeya wakiishaha iyo la wakiishaha            Heshiiskaasi oo uu la wakiishuhu ku ballanqaadayo inuu u qabto wakiishaha hawl.            Hawshaasi oo ah mid xalaal ah oo sharcigu ogolyahay.

Kala jajabinta Qodobku, waxay Garsooraha u sahlaysaa in uu ka go’aan gaadho bal inay jirto iyo inkale,   tusaale ahaan, haddii arrinta la isku hayaa ay tahay kasoo qaad, wakaalad,  dhinacyada isku-hayaan, ayaa laga yaabaa in, uu dacweysanuhu ku andacooda,  in wakiil u ahaa dacwoodaha markii uu heshiiska iib la galayay dhinac kale oo saddexaad, Halka, uu dacwooduhuna diidanyahay, kuna doodayo, in uu dacweysanuhu fuduushiisa ku galay hawlo aan loo igman.

Kolkay doodda dhinacyadu qaabkaasi u taallo, wuxuu Garsooruhu,  dib ugu noqonayaa, dhacdadii ama xaqiiqadii dacwadda. Wuxuu soo qaadanayaa, xaqiiqada inta ay isla ogolyihiin ee dhacdada ku jirta, iyo inta loo helay maragyo/marag-muujin sheegaysa jiritaankeeda, kadibna wuxuu iswaydiinayaa inay xaqiiqooyinkaasi ay buuxiyaan saddexdaasi shuruudood ee Qodobku dhigayo. Amma inay Xaqiiqo kastaa ay tiirkeeda qabsanayo iyo in kale? Haddii ay iswaafaqaan, waxa uu sharraxayaa sida uu Garsooruhu uu isku aqbalsiiyay Xaqiiqooyinka iyo tiirarkii Qodobka ( Qodobkii halbeegga u ahaa ka qarnaqista xaqiiqada 607 XM). Xaqiiqooyinkaasi oo uu sheegayo sida uu ugu qanacsanyahay jiritaankooda[6].

Hadaba, Marka uu Garsooruhu uu ku gudo jiro Sharraxaadan uu kaga waramayo habka uu isku bar-bardhigay Xaqiiqada iyo Xeerka (Qodobka) ayaynu leenahay, Garsooruhu wuxuu sababeeyay Go’aankiisa. Sharraxaadaasina, waa Qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee la rabo in uu ka koobnaado 70% qoraalka Xukunku.

Inta uu Garsooruhu ku gudo jiro Sharraxaaddaasi,  maaha in  uu ku boodo gaba-gabada oo tusaale ahaan Yidhaahdo  “ Dacwooduhu wuxuu wakiil u ahaa dacweysanaha”. Balse waa in uu si xeel-dheer oo hufan u qeexaa mabaadi’da Sharciyeed ee bud-dhigga u ah Qodobka Sharci ee lagu garnaqay , isagoo ku dadaalaya in aanu sharraxaadiisa soo dhexgalin magacyada dhinacyada.  Haddii aan tusaale labaad ka bixinno dacwad ciqaab ah, oo faldambiyeedkeedu yahay dil, garsooruha   waxa laga rabaa in uu, u dhigo sidan oo kale;

“ Si aynu u xaqiijinno in uu dhacay fal-dambiyeed dil ahi, waxa xeer-ilaalinta laga rabaa inay caddeeyaan arrimaha;         xaqiiqda ah inay dhimasho jirto.         Dhimashadaasi ay tahay mid ku timid sabab sharci-darro ah.         Dhimashadaasina loo geystay si badheedh ah oo ay ka muuqato cadaawadi (caused with malice aftersought)”………         Haddii sidaasi loo geystayna, uu eedaysanuhu yahay kii geystay.

Haddii aynu tusaale kale usoo qaadanno, dacwadda Dastuuriga ah, ee a axsaabtu kaga cabanayeen Maxkamadda, waxa laga rabay inay Maxkamadda lafa-gurtaa qodobka Dastuur ee la xidhiidha, Dacwaddii ay Axsaabta ee liddiga ku ahaa Go’aankii ay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Guduhu ku maanacaysay inay Axsaabtu shirar qabtaan.  Kasoo qaad inay soo qabsatay Qodobka 32 (2) ee Distoorka JSL, waxay Maxkamaddu qeexi lahayd mabaadi’da sharci ee nuxurka u ah qodobka,  oo noqon lahaa sidan;

“ Abaabulidda ama ka qayb-qaadashada kulan nabadeed oo sharciga waafaqsani, waa xaq dastuuri ah oo muwaadinkastaa leeyahay” Sida Qudha ee Xaqaasi,  lagu hor-istaagi karaana, waa inay cidda hor-istaagaysaa, ay caddayso in uu; ·         kulanku yahay mid nabad-gelyada khatar galinaya, sidoo kalana, ·         aan waafaqsanay sharciga ah ( i.e. tusaale ahaan jabinayaa xeerkaasi iyo qodobada noocaasi ah)……..

Marka laleeyahay Qodob sharciyeed ha ku saleeyo Garsooruhu, maaha macnaheedu,  ha isdaba galiyo Qodobo badan, oo iskugu jira, qodobo guud iyo qodobo  aanu nuxurkoodu  xidhiidh la lahayn dulucda dacwaddii uu ka garnaqayay. Qodobka/Qodobadda lagu garnaqay (Substantive Provision)  ee  halbeegga u ah dacwadda ayaa la rabaa in Garsooruhu u cuskado xukunkiisa. Tusaale ahaan, markaynu ka garnaqayno bal inay arrinta la isku hayaa,  ay Dayn tahay iyo inkale, in uu jiro heshiis sharciye iyo in kale, in la gaystay faldambiyeed budhcadnimo iyo inkale, waxaan shaki ku jirin inaynu adeegsanayno Qodobada asaasiga ah, ee mawduucaasi la xidhiidha ( Substantive Provisions). Balse maaha inay Maxkamaddu go’aankeeda ku taxdo qodobada habraaca ah,  ee lawada yaqaano,  inay  dacwadahoo dhan maraan, sida Qodobada sheegaya dhegaysiga maragyada iyo qabashada cadaymaha, ama qodobada sheegaya awoodda garsooraha ee go’aan-gaadhista amaba qaabka xukunka.

Waxa jiri kara, xaalado gaar ah oo uu,  garsooruhu u cuskan karo Qodabada Habraaca ah, Xukunkiisa. Waana Marka waxa la isku mari laayahay,  ay la xidhiidho habka loo qaadayo dacwadda, ee aanu la xidhiidhin xaqiiqada dacwadda (the merits of case). Haddii aan si kale u sheegana, waa marka,  ay dhinacyadu isku qabtaan, habka dacwaddan loo dhagaysanayo, amaba la isku qabto, in la furan karo amma,  aan la furan Karin, amaba la isku qabto awoodda Garsoor ee ka garnaqisteeda leh.

 4. Sababaynta go'aanka iyo miisaamidda Cadaymaha.

Qeybtani Maxkamaddu waxay ku darsaysaa, sida ay Caddaymuhu ula jaanqadayaan Xaqiiqadda/dhacdada ay dooddu ka taagantahay. Waxaynu ognahay in uu waajibka caddayntu uu mar walba raaco dhinaca dacwadda bilaaba (Xeer-ilaalinta, dacwoodaha), haddii aanu dhinac kale qiraal bixin. Iyadoo laga duulayo Qodobka sharci,  ee qeexaya inay arrinta,  ay dooddu ka taagantahay jirto iyo in kale,  waxay Maxkamadu eegaysaa,  bal inay,  Caddaymaha lasoo gudbiyay si shaki la’aan u buuxinayaan shuruudihii qeexayay jiritaanka arrintaasi, ee ay dhinacyadu isku hayaan.

Sida inta badan dhacda,  ee lagu arko xukunnada kasoo baxa Maxkamadaha, sababaynta xukunku maaha,  in dib loo soo celiyo wixii ay Maragyadu fureen ee kuwada qornaa garmaqalkii dhagaysiyada, tusaale ahaan  inay tidhaahdo Maxkamadu;

“Markay maxkamadu aragtay maragfurka xeer ilaalinta ee X. ee furay sidan…. Markay aragtay doodda qareenka difaaca ee u dhignaa sidan….. Markay dhagaysatay maragyada Xeer Ilaalint eek ala ah ….. Markay sidoo kale dhegaysatay Maragyada……. waxay go’aamisay sidan……”

Sababayntu waa Qeybta ay Maxkamadeedu ku soo gudbinayso wixii uga baxay dacwadda. Sidaa darteed lagama rabo inay inoo sheegto inay wax aragtay, ama dhagaysatay oo ay inagu dhaafto “Markay Maxkamaddu aragtay…. Markay Maxkamaddu dhagaysatay…” dabadeedna go’aan aan meelnaba haysan oo ay iyadu aragtay ama garatay uun ay ku dhawaaqdo. Mana aha inay Maxkamadu dadka u sheegto inay caddaymo la horkeenay ay dhagaysatay, oo waynu ognahay waxay dhagaysatay, garmaqalkana wuu inoogu jiraa,  balse waxaynu ka rabnaa, inay,  inoo sheegto,  hadday dhegaysatay maxaa uga  baxay,  ee ay ka dhex-fahantay ?

Waxa la yidhaahdaa maaha,  Garsoorku in uu  Dadka,  u sheego inuu Caaalad Sameeyay, balse waa in la arko cadaaladdu sameeyay waxay tahay “ Justice is not only done, but is to be seen done ”. Tanina waa sababta,  Dhagaysigu uu, u noqday mid furan oo aan ku koobnayn dhinacyada is-haya iyo Garsooraha u garnaqaya oo qudha. Sida kaliya, ee Maxkamaddu dadka u tusi kartaa dhex-dhexaadnimadeeda iyo aqoonteeda sharciyeedna,  waa iyadoo la timaata dood sababaysan oo ay ku difaacayso Mawqifkeeda.

Maxay sababayntu u tartaa Xukunka ?

Siday hore u soo sheegnay Sababayntu waa Sharraxaadda uu Garoosuhu sameeyo marka uu isbar-bardhigayo, Xaqiiqada iyo Xeerka. Isbar-bardhigaasi oo la mid ah, Marxaladda Shaybaadhka ee dhiigga bukaanka la mariyo ka hor intaan la go’aamin cudurka uu qabo iyo xumadda haysaa waxay tahay. Halkanna, waxay Maxkamaddu sharraxaad ka bixinaysaa,  qiimaha ay lahaayeen caddaymihii kale duwanaa ee lasoo hordhigay. Waxay sababayntaasi,  ku miisaamaysaa,   culayska ay caddaymahaasi leeyihiin iyo sida ay u xaqiijiyeen amaba aanay u xaqiijin wixii la isku hayay. Waxaanay sheegaysaa caddaymaha ama maragyada ay Maxkamadu,  u,  aqoonsatay inay ka dhab-sheegayaan xaqiiqada la isku-hayo iyo sababta ugu aqoonsatay. Halka ay sidoo kale sheegayso, caddaymaha ay u aqoonsatay in aanay ku fillayn  iftiiminta Xaqiiqada la isku hayo iyo kuwa baalmarsan iyo meelaha ay ka gaabiyeen inay muujiyaan. Intaasi waxa dheer, oo laga rabaa inay Maxkamaddu,  sababaynteeda ku xusto,  caddaymaha  been-abuurka ah,  iyo kuwa isburinaya,   een lagu kalsoonaan karin.

Habkan ay Maxkamadu ku sababaynayso, waa mid ku xidhan Suuraynta siyaabaha caqligalnimada ah (Reasoning and logic) ee caddaymaha loogu xidhiidhin karo dhacdooyinka ay khuseeyaan. Caddaymahaasi oo marka loo eego,  xaaladaha guud ee ku gadaaman mawduuca dacwadda, ama si macquula isku xidho dhacdooyinka,   laga dhex fahmi karo, xaqiiqada dhabta ee qeexaysa jiritaanka dulucda dacwadda.

5.      Gaba-gabada (Court Holding)[7];

Waxaad isku soo dheririsay ood isku soo beegtay, Qodobka sharci iyo caddaymihii dhinacyada. Waxaa kusoo baxay caddaymo badan oo waafaqsan xaqiiqadii ay furayeen, iyo kuwa kale oon xidhiidh la lahayn, kuwa uu halbeegii sharci diiday oon lagu dhaqmi karin. Waxa laga yaabaa inay  kuu soo  baxeen sidoo kale,  caddaymo tilmaamaya xaqiiqooyin aan jirin, kuwa is-burinaya, ama mala’awaal ah. Waxa kuu soo baxaya, arrimo badan intii aad ku gudo jrtay lafa-gurka dacwadda. Arrimo badan ayaana  kaagaa soo dhex-baxay hirdankii dhexmaray dhinacyada.

Waxaad soo gaadhay, markii adiga lagu waydiin lahaa, siday kula tahay. Waxa lagaaga fadhiyaana waa jawaab; lagu kala calaf qaado. Jawaabta ugu macquulsan, ee qof caddaymahaasi haysta, oo ka duulayaa awooddaada sharci uu si dhex-dhexaada u keeni lahaa. Jawaabtii lagu soo afjari lahaa, su’aashii uu ka bilaabmay dagaalku iyo doodihii sharci ee dhinacyada dhexmaray .  Su’aashaasi oo  qaabkeedu ahaa, miyay jirtaa sidaasi mise ma jirto. Tusaale ahaan; 

·         Miyuu dacwooduhu wakiil sharci u ahaa dacweysanaha mise umuu ahayn ?

·         Miyuu dhacay faldambiyeed dil ahi mise ma dhicin? Mana yahay eedaysanuhu kii geystay mise maaha? Iwm.

Geba-gabada ama go’aanka (Holding), wuxuu dulucdaasi sare uga jawaabayaa sidan oo kale;

…………Sababtaasi awgeed waxay Maxkamaddu go’aaminaysaa in uu Mr X ahaa wakiil sharci oo lahaa dhammaan awoodihii wakaaladeed markii uu…...

Amma

…… Sidaasi awgeed waxay Maxkamaddu go’aamisay in aanu Mr X ahayn Wakiil sharciya oo uu ku xad-gudbay Mr Y, iskiina isku siiyay awoodo, aan lagula heshiin, markii uu…. iwm

Isla Go’aanka,  wuxuu garsooruhu,  ku sheegayaa dhinacay gartu raacday, isagoo xagga hore kusoo caddeeyay sababaha kusoo hogaamiyay go’aankaai. Wuxuuna sidoo kale go’aaankiisa, ku kala xaqsiiyaa dhinacyada (relief), isagoo ku qeexaya, waxa la kala helay hadday madani tahay, hadday ciqaab tahayna, eedaysanaha ku hela ama ku waaya faldambiyeedkii loo haystay (acquital or conviction). 

Endnotes:

---

[1]  Markaad eegto xukunka Maxkamadda Sare ee lagaga garnaqayay  Cabashaddii ay Xisbiyaddu mucaaridku ay kaga cabanayeen; Goa’aankii Maamul ee  Wasaaradda Arrimaha Guduhu ka hor-istaagayay inay qabtaan; Shir-Qaran. Maxkamaddu si ay taasi u go’aamiso, waa inay Qeexdo mabaadi’da sharci ee la xidhiidha dacwadda, taasi oo noqon lahayd,

·         Ma jiraa Qodob sharci oo Qeexay wuxuu yahay Shir-qaran?

·          Haddiise uu Qeexay, waa maxay cidda awood u leh inay Qabato Shirkaasi Qaran?

Balse Maxkamaddu waxay raacday dooddii Xukuumadda ee dhigaysay inay aanay Axsaabtu Qaban karin shir-qaran. Waxaanay Sidoo kale ka hor-istaagtay inay Axsaabtu, iyo cid kale toona qabato waxa lagu tilmaamay SHIR QARAN. Qodobadda Dastuuriga ah ee loo cuskaday Go’aankaasina kama hadlayaan waxay ku sheegtay Shir-qaran, manay sababayn sidoo kale, sababta ay u qodobadan ugu cuskatay, tusaale ahaan may bixin fassiraad sharci oo si dadban uga muuqata nuxurka qodobadaasi dastuuriga ah, kuwaasi oo sheegaya inay Golayaasha Dastuurig ah ( xukuumadda, Wakiilada, Guurtida ) ay yihiin kuwa qudha ee qaban kara, waxa lagu tilmaamay SHIR-QARAN.

Eeg faqradda labaad ee xukunka;

2. Dhinaca kel wixii ka dambeeyay aftidii Dastuurka ee 2001, sida uu dhigayo Qodobada 9 (1)aad iyo 130(1) aad ee Dastuurka Jamhuuriyada Somaliland waxa laga soo guuray nidaamkii Beelaha waxaana la soo guuray nidaamka ku salaysan Dastuurka iyo Axsaabta badan, waxaana jira Golayaal Qaran ( Xeer Dajinta, Fulin iyo Garsoor) oo dhaqan gal ah kana jawaabay baahida Qaranka ee hadba taagan si waafaqsan Dastuurka. Waxa hadaba Xaaraan ah isla markaana aan sharci ahayn in cidnaba ( haday tahay Qabiil, ururo Siyaasadeed iyo cid kale toona) ku baaqdo “shir Qaran” ama “ Shir-aayo-ka-tash-Qaran” oo aanay Golayaasha Qaranka ee Dastuuriga ahi hogaaminayn si waafaqsan Dastuurka iyo Xeerarka Dalka u yaala.

Eeg lifaaqa 3aad.

[2]  Qodobka 132 Xeerka Habka Madanigu oo cinwaankiisu yahay Xaqiijinta Ansaxnimada Dacwadda wuxuu u dhiganyahay sidan “Garsooruhu wuxuu iskiisa u xaqiiqsanayaa, hagaagsanaanta dhismaha dacwadda, haddii loo

baahdana wuxuu ka codsanayaa dhinacyadu inay hagaajiyaan, dhammaystiraana, dokumnetiyada

ay sugidda u qaddimeen”.

[3]  Qodobka 121 (c) Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ayaa sheegaya in uu Garsooraha Dacwadda dhagaysanayaa uu Xukunkiisa ku sheego Xaqiiqada/dhacdada iyo xaaladaha ay ku dhisantahay ama ka koobsanayso dulucda eeddu (Statement of the facts and circumstances which form the subject of the charge).

Qodobka 91(4) ee Xeerka Habka Madaniga ayuu kusoo ururinaysaa waxyaabaha ay dhinacyadu ka codsanayaan Maxkamadda. Ama waxyaabaha ay dooddda dhinacyadu ka koobantahay ee la xidhiidha dulucda laga garnaqayo.

[4] Xaqiiqooyinka Dheeraadka een loo baahnayn  si aad u fahamtid,  u fiirso  isla go’aankaasi faqraddiisa 3aad. Maxkamaddu, waxay u gudubtay tafaasiil dheeraad ah oo ka baxsan arrintii la isku hayay waxaanay faqradda Saddexaad ee go’aankeeda raacisay, tafaasiil kale oo dheeraad ah, oo ka baxsan dulucdii dacwadda ee ahayd; Xisbiyada Mucaaridku Xaq ma u leeyihiin inay Qabtaan Shir-qaran iyo inkale?

Waxaanay gashay mawduuc kale oo ay sheegtay inay Maxkamaddu ogtahay, balse aanay cid kale cabashadooda ugu sheegin. Waxaanay faqraddu u taalay sidan;

                                                          

3. Dhinace kale Maxkamada Dastuuriga ahi iyada oo og in murankan taagani salka ku hayo qabashada doorashada soo socota, waxa ay amraysaa dhamaan dhinacyada siyaasasda iyo Hay’adaha ay khusayso ee Dastuuriga ah inay sida ugu dhakhsaha badan usoo afjaraan muranka ku saabsan Doorashada soo socota isla markaana xal ka gaadhaan si loogu diyaargaroobo Doorasho Xor iyo Xalaal ah.

Eeg lifaaqa 3aad.

[5] Qodobka 121 (d) Xeerka Habka Ciqaabta ayaa ka hadlaya ka hadlayaa in Xukunka lagu Sheego Qodobada sharci iyo Xaqiiqada/dhacdooyinka  la caddeeyay,  ee sababay ay Maxkamaddu ku  go’aanka qaadatay.  Sidoo kalana eeg qodobka 92(5) Xeerka Habka Madaniga.

[6]  In uu garsooruhu yidhaado “anaa ku qancay jiritaanka xaqiiqo la isku hayay”, ama  “Marka ay Maxkamadu ku qanacday xaqiiqada caynkaasa ayay go’aamisay sidan iyo sidaasi” maaha wax akhristaha ama dhagaystaha go’aankaasi uu iskala la qaadan karo amaba uu ku qasbanyahay in uu la qaato, , haddii aanu sheegin,  sababta uu ugu qancay inay Xaqiiqadaasi jirto, amaba  aanay u jirin . Sharciga ayaana sheega qaabka u ku xaqiijinayo jiritaankeeda/jiritaan la'aanteeda, Habka Qudha  ee u sheegi karo sababta uu ugu qancayna, waa

1.        isagoo inoo sheega caddaymaha muujinaya jiritaanka xaqiiqadaasi (Credible and Direct Evidence), iyo inay caddaymahaasi saxyihiin oon la hayn wax lagaga shakiyi karo oo macquula.

2.        Habka kale ee uu isna ku sababayn karaa waa isagoo Garsooruhu sheega, walaw aanu jiritaanka Xaqiiqadaasi u haynin, caddaymo toos ah, balse ay tahay mid uu jiritaankeeda uu ka dhex fahmay habdhaqanka, iyo duruufaha ku xeeran  ee xidhiidhka la leh dhacdada, ama wada-macaamilka dhinacyada is-haya (Inferential evidence). Fahamkaasi oo qofkasta oo macquula oo dhex-dhexaad ahi, oo  halkiisaasi taagani, qaadan lahaa,

[7]  Holding is a statement of law that is court’s answer to the issue. If you have written the issue statement correctly, the holding is often the positive or negative statement of the issue statement.

Eeg Xukumka Maxkamadda Sare ee lifaaqa ah; Sideey u gaadhay Maxkamaddu gaba-gabadeeda? Ma ku sheegtay in maalintaas laga bilaabo, ay laashay  ama waxba kama jiraan ka dhigtay go’aankii maamul ee laga codsaday inay dib-u-eegis Garsoor ku samayso (Judicial Review) Sharcinnimadiisa? Mise waxay u sheegtay uun Axsaabta Xuquuqdii Dastuuriga ahayd ee ay lahaayeen? Sideebaanay Qodobada 22aad iyo 23(1,2) ee Dastuurku ay xidhiidh ula leeyihiin dulucdii dacwadda ee ku saabsanayd Go’aankii ay Wasaaraddu ku hor-istaagtay in Kulamo ay qabtaan Xisbiyada iyo Siyaasiyiintii la baxay Madashay? Ma ka helnay Go’aankan Mabda’ sharciyeed oo Fasiraad ahaan loogu adeegsan karo xaaladaha la midka ah?

Lifaaq ( annex);